Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
No. | Authors | Country | Year(s) of experiment | Study design | Follow-up period | Clinical signs | Antimalarial drugs | Number of patients with Plasmodium-mixed infection | Type of recurrence (≤ 28 days and > 28 days) | Species after treatment (n) | Number of patients with P. falciparum infection | Number of patients with P. vivax infection | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before treatment | After treatment | Â | Before treatment | After treatment | Before treatment | After treatment | |||||||||
1 | Ahmed et al. 2011 | India | 2007–2008 | Observational study | 28 days | Severe malaria | Intravenous quinine and oral quinine | 6 | 23 | Recurrence within 28 days | Pf + Pv | 8 | 46 | 0 | 9 |
2 | Dinko et al. 2013 | Ghana | 2010 | Single-arm clinical trials | 28 days | Uncomplicated malaria | ACTs (dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine) | 4 | 14 | Recurrence within 28 days (day 21) | Pf + Po (1), Pf + Pm (2), Pf + Pm + Po (1) | 16 | 88 | Not reported | Not reported |
3 | Douglas et al. 2011 | Thailand | 1991–2005 | Observational study (16/24 RCT), single-arm clinical trials (8/24) | 28 days (6 studies; 1398 patients), 42 days (11 studies; 5354 patients), or 63 days (7 studies; 3797 patients) | Uncomplicated malaria | ACTs (artesunate–atovaquone–proguanil, artemether, atovaquone–proguanil, artesunate, artesunate–tetracycline, artemether–lumefantrine, artesunate–mefloquine, quinine–mefloquine, quinine, quinine–tetracycline) | 574 | 1164 | Recurrence more than 28 days (by day 63) | Pf + Pv | 2759 | 9385 | Not reported | Not reported |
4 | Genton et al. 2005 | Papua New Guinea | 1994–1995 | Single-arm clinical trials | 28 days | Uncomplicated malaria | Amodiaquine (14 cases), chloroquine (1 case) | 2 | 10 | Recurrence within 28 days | Pf + Pv (9), Pf + Pv + Pm (1) | 19 | 144 | 1 | 18 |
5 | Lubis et al. 2020 | Indonesia | 2015 | Single-arm clinical trials | 42 days | Uncomplicated malaria | ACTs (dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, artemether–lumefantrine) | 2 | 39 | 1 recurrence within 28 days and 1 recurrence more than 28 days (day 35) | Pf + Pm (1), Pf + Pm + Pv (1) | 1 | 114 | Not reported | Not reported |
6 | Patriani et al. 2019 | Indonesia | 2004–2013 | Observational study | 365 days | Uncomplicated and severe malaria | Before 2006: quinine or chloroquine (69.2%), intravenous quinine (23.2%) In 2006: ACTs (96.6%), intravenous artesunate (19.3%) Single dose primaquine (23.5%), 14 days primaquine (70.3%) | 166 | 1207 | Recurrence more than 28 days (in 12 months) | Not specified | 334 | 920 | 637 | 1334 |
7 | Senn et al. 2013 | Papua New Guinea | 2006–2010 | RCT | 42 days | Uncomplicated malaria | ACTs (single dose of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine- 3 days of amodiaquine/artesunate) | 6 | 40 | Recurrence more than 28 days (42 days) | Pf + Pv | 31 | 372 | 84 | 634 |
8 | Sikora et al. 2019 | Indonesia | 2004–2013 | Observational study | 28 days | Severe malaria | Intravenous artesunate and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, intravenous and oral quinine | 81 | 1729 | Recurrence within 28 days | Not specified | 247 | 6915 | 88 | 1789 |
9 | Siswantoro et al. 2006 | Indonesia | 2004–2005 | Single-arm clinical trials | 42 days | Uncomplicated malaria | Chloroquine- desethylchloroquine | 10 | 15 | Recurrence within 28 days (1 early treatment failure and 9 late treatment failure) | Pf + Pv | 44 | 88 | 24 | 40 |
10 | Smithuis et al. 2010 | Myanmar | 2008–2009 | RCT | 63 days | Uncomplicated malaria | ACTs (artesunate–amodiaquine, artemether–lumefantrine, fixed or loose artesunate–mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine) | 95 | 129 | Recurrence more than 28 days (by 63 days) |  | 235 | 697 | Not reported | Not reported |
11 | Sumawinata et al. 2003 | Papua New Guinea | 1995 | Single-arm clinical trials | 28Â days | Uncomplicated malaria | Chloroquine | 20 | 20 | Recurrence within 28Â days | Â | 52 | 55 | 24 | 29 |