Table 2 Assessment of the risk of bias in individual studies based on their quality using the JBI tool for quasi-experimental studies (non-randomized experimental studies)
No. | Authors | Cause and effect | Participants | Similar treatment/care | Controls | Multiple measurements of the outcome | Follow-up | Outcomes measured in the same way | Outcomes measured in a reliable way | Appropriate statistical analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ahmed et al. 2011 | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Not applicable |
2 | Dinko et al. 2013 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
3 | Douglas et al. 2011 | Yes | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Yes |
4 | Genton et al. 2005 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
5 | Lubis et al. 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
6 | Patriani et al. 2019 | Yes | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Yes |
7 | Senn et al. 2013 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
8 | Sikora et al. 2019 | Yes | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Yes |
9 | Siswantoro et al. 2006 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
10 | Smithuis et al. 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
11 | Sumawinata et al. 2003 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |