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Fig. 2 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 2

From: Wild ungulate species differ in their contribution to the transmission of Ixodes ricinus-borne pathogens

Fig. 2

Theoretical framework on how Ixodes ricinus can feed on ungulates and become infected. The arrows from questing ticks to ungulates show the attachment routes, and the arrows from ungulates to engorged ticks show detachment routes. Red ticks are infected ticks, either for Anaplasma phagocytophilum or for Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.). The engorged females are not divided into infected and uninfected, since we assume that there is no vertical transmission and thus the infection status of an engorged female is irrelevant. The green arrows are the detachment routes of infected larvae and nymphs and show the role of the ungulate species in the transmission of either A. phagocytophilum or B. burgdorferi (s.l.). The orange arrows are the detachment routes of engorged females and show the role of the ungulate species as propagation host. Green boxes show the infection prevalence of engorged ticks, while blue boxes show the infection prevalence in questing ticks. Silhouettes of ungulates by Sander Vink

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