Phylogeography and population differentiation in Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) reveal expansion and gene flow in world populations

Table 3 Results of AMOVA models on H. canis populations with no groups defined a priori (a) and (b) grouped into two groups, New World and Old World (America, Europe + Africa + Asia) and (c) grouped into three groups (America, Africa, Asia + Europe) or (d) four groups (America, Africa, Asia, Europe) according to geographical distribution in the continents

	df	Sum of squares	18S rRNA	%	Fixation indices
	df	Sum of squares	Estimated variance	%	Fixation indices
a. No groups defined
Among populations	35	604.762	1.0673	42.62
Within populations	214	734.886	1.4297	57.38	F_ST = 0.42***
Total	549	1339.647	2.4818
b. Two groups
Among groups	1	31.568	0.0315	1.25	F_CT = 0.01ns
Among pop. within groups	34	573.194	1.0555	41.94	F_SC = 0.42***
Within populations	514	734.886	1.4297	56.81	F_ST = 0.43 ***
Total	549	1339.647	2.5168
c. Three groups
Among groups	2	78.347	0.0844	3.33	F_CT = 0.03ns
Among pop. within groups	33	526.414	1.0200	40.25	F_SC = 0.41***
Within populations	514	734.886	1.4297	56.42	F_ST = 0.43***
Total	549	1339.647	2.5342
d. Four groups
Among groups	3	178.689	0.2979	11.56	F_CT = 0.11ns
Among pop. within groups	32	426.072	0.8504	32.99	F_SC = 0.37***
Within populations	514	734.886	1.4297	76.02	F_ST = 0.44***
Total	549	1339.647	2.5781
e. SAMOVA
Among groups	4	438.802	1.2680	11.56	F_CT = 0.42***
Among pop. within groups	31	165.959	0.2722	32.99	F_SC = 0.15***
Within populations	514	734.886	1.4297	76.02	F_ST = 0.51***
Total	549	1339.647	2.9699

ISSN: 1756-3305