Phylogeography and population differentiation in Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) reveal expansion and gene flow in world populations

Table 4 Summary statistics of demographic analysis of H. canis samples in four groups (America, Africa, Asia, Europe) resembling geographical history to infer demographic range expansion

Parameter	Africa	America	Asia	Europe	Global
18S
N	109	61	116	264	550
N_H	15	21	27	37	76
h	0.7698 ± 0.0349	0.7246 ± 0.0586	0.8889 ± 0.0161	0.8588 ± 0.0132	0.8937 ± 0.006
π	0.0068 ± 0.0038	0.0060 ± 0.0034	0.0100 ± 0.0054	0.0069 ± 0.0038	0.008668 ± 0.004681
D_T	− 0.1857	− 1.5908*	− 2.7120***	− 1.6212*	− 2.5002***
F_S	− 1.1153	− 4.0733*	− 5.2295	− 13.3581***	− 24.7563 ***
SSD	0.0924*	0.0853	0.0145	0.0154	0.0146
Hri	0.2244***	0.2013	0.0589	0.0362	0. 0348
R₂	0.0044***	0.0388**	0.0352*	0.0033***	0.0123**

N, number of individuals; N_H, number of haplotypes; h, gene diversity; π, nucleotide diversity; D_T, Tajima’s D; F_S, Fu’s Fs; SDD, differences in the sum of squares or mismatch distribution; Hri, Harpending’s raggedness index
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. D_T and F_S positive values are indicative of mutation-drift-equilibrium, which is typical of stable populations, and negative values that result from an excess of rare haplotypes indicate that populations have undergone recent expansions, often preceded by a bottleneck. Significantly negative values (at the 0.05 level) in both tests reveal historic demographic expansion events. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) SSD and Hri values indicate deviations from the sudden expansion model. Values that are consistent with demographic expansion are shown in bold. R₂, Ramos-Onsins and Rozas statistic, small positive values of R₂ are expected under a scenario of population expansion

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