From: The parasite Schistocephalus solidus secretes proteins with putative host manipulation functions
Parasitic species | Host species | Manipulation factor | Host system targeted | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
78 helminth species: 64 nematodes, 7 trematodes, 7 cestodes (1) | Humans, animals, and plants | Peptidases (61% of species) | Immune system | Helminth secretome database (HSD) Garg and Ranganathan [15] |
Blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni (1) | Humans | Proteins involved in calcium binding and regulation | Neural system (affects cell signalization) | Knudsen et al. [12] |
Blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni (1) | Humans | Paramyosin and SPO-1 | Immune system (evasion) | Knudsen et al. [12] |
Blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni (1) | Humans | Proteases | Immune system (degradation of skin barriers) | Knudsen et al. [12] |
Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (1) | Molluscs (e.g. Galba truncatula) | Proteases and antioxidant enzymes: Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase + thioredoxin | Immune system (evasion) | Cwiklinski and Dalton [16] Gourbal et al. [13] |
Cestode Spirometra erinacei (1) | Snakes Rhabdophis tigrinus | Specific proteins with no identified homologsa | Unknown | Kim et al. [17] |
Cestode Hymenolepis diminuta (1) | Rats Rattus rattus | Antigens | Immune system (evasion and modulation) | Bień et al. [18] |
Baculovirus Bombyx mori NPV (2) | Silkworm Bombyx mori | Protein tyrosine phosphatasea | Neural system (enhanced locomotory activity) | Kamita et al. [19] |
Hairworm Spinochordodes tellinii + Paragordius tricuspidatus (2) | Grass-hopper Meconema thalassinum + cricket Nemobius sylvestris | Wnta | Neural system (modifications of monoamine levels) | Biron et al. [20] [21] |
Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (2) | Rat Rattus rattus | Tyrosine hydroxylasea | Neural system (increases dopamine levels) | Prandovszky et al. [22] |
Fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (2) | Ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus and Formica dolosa | Guanobutyric acid (GBA) and sphingosine | Neural system (action not determined) | De Bekker et al. [23] |
Wasp Cotesia congregata (2) | Caterpillar Manduca sexta | Cytokinea | Immune system (activation that results in feeding reduction) | Adamo et al. [24] |
Wasp Ampulex compressa (2) | Cockroach Periplaneta americana | Dopamine | Neural system (represses the activity of neurons) | Libersat et al. [25] |
Aphid Hormaphis cornu (2) | Witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana | BICYCLE protein | Development (induces galls—novel plant ‘organs’) | Korgaonkar et al. [26] |