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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Prevalence of malaria and scrub typhus co-infection in febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Study site

Year of study

Study design

Participants

Age

Male/female

Co-infections

All malaria cases

Test for malaria

Test for scrub typhus

Ahmad et al. [26]

India

2012–2013

Retrospective observational study

233 febrile patients

NS

NS

19

89

NS

IgM ELISA

Bal et al. [27]

India

2017

Cross-sectional study

413 febrile patients

 < 15 years

124:289

6

16

RDT

IgM ELISA

Behera et al. [28]

India

2017

Cross-sectional study

432 adult (290) and pediatric patients (142)

All ages

NS

4

13

Microscopy, RDT

IgM ELISA, PCR

Chanyasanha et al. [29]

Thailand

1994

Cross-sectional study

200 malaria-positive patients

 > 15 years

173:63

119

200

NS

IFA

Kotepui et al. [36]

Thailand

2013–2015

Retrospective observational study

179 malaria-positive patients

All ages

110:69

112

179

Microscopy

RDT

Mandage et al., 2020 [37]

India

2017–2018

Cross-sectional study

66 malaria-positive patients

NS

NS

5

66

Microscopy, RDT, PCR

PCR

McGready et al. [35]

Thailand

2004–2006

Cohort study

203 febrile pregnant women

Adults

0:203

2

51

Microscopy

PCR

Mittal et al. [38]

India

2012–2013

Retrospective observational study

2547 febrile pregnant women

Adults

0:2547

11

172

Microscopy, RDT

IgM ELISA

Mohanty et al. [30]

India

2016–2018

Retrospective observational study

240 scrub-typhus-positive patients

 ≥ 18 years

131:109

6

6

Microscopy

IgM ELISA

Mørch et al. [31]

India

2011–2012

Cross-sectional study

1564 febrile patients

 ≥ 5 years

895:632

8

268

Microscopy, RDT, PCR

IgM ELISA, IFA

Patil et al. [39]

India

2018–2019

Cross-sectional study

200 febrile patients

 ≥ 13 years

123:77

3

3

Microscopy

Weil Felix

test

Raina et al. [32]

India

2016

Cohort study

1164 febrile patients

 ≥ 18 years

NS

2

9

Microscopy

IgM ELISA

Singh et al. [33]

India

2013

Retrospective observational study

1141 febrile patients

 > 12 years

618:523

1

158

Microscopy, RDT

IgM ELISA

Singhsilarak et al. [34]

Thailand

NS

Retrospective observational study

194 malaria-positive patients

All ages

NS

29

194

Microscopy

IFA

  1. ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, NS not specified, RDT rapid diagnostic test, IFA immunofluorescence assay, PCR polymerase chain reaction