Fig. 3

Possible scenarios for changes in densities of Anopheles species observed in studies from category ID. Intervention involves an insecticide-based vector control measure targeting vector species V resulting in its decreased population density, concomitant with increased population density of other vector species D. White circles represent population densities. a Differential effects on species from insecticide with release from competition. b Release from apparent asymmetric competition via impacts on predator–prey interactions. Black lines represent competitive pressure on a species at the tip of arrowheads, with ‘+’ indicating a positive effect and ‘++’ indicating an even stronger positive effect, while ‘−’ indicates a negative effect and ‘−−’ a stronger negative effect. ‘0’ indicates negligible competitive effects. Effects shown in parentheses indicate apparent competitive effects [41]. c Species-specific insecticide resistance with release from competition. d Species-specific insecticide resistance with increase in habitat resources. The ^IR superscript after D indicates insecticide resistance in that species. e Differential impacts on species from insecticide with increase in habitat resources. Blue arrows indicate potentially positive effects on population densities from increases in habitat resources, such as increased rainfall. a and b adapted from [54]