Fig. 4

a–d Mechanism 3—ecological cascades linking high deer density with Lyme disease pathogen prevalence in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Graphs show predicted outputs from generalized linear mixed-effects models of ground vegetation height (a), bank voles per 100 trap nights (TN) with ground vegetation height (b), bank voles per 100 TN in high deer density and deer-exclusion plots (c), and NIP with Borrelia afzelii (%) with bank vole abundance the previous year (d). Error bars and shaded areas represents 95% CI. For other abbreviations, see Fig. 2