|
Pathogen prevalence
|
Overall
|
Tanzania (%)
|
Kenya (%)
|
Uganda (%)
|
Nigeria (%)
|
Ghana (%)
|
Namibia (%)
|
|---|
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
P
|
|---|
|
Pathogens in blood
|
|
B. canis
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
B. rossi
|
3.8
|
0.0
|
1.9
| |
12.0
|
3.9
| |
8.0
|
6.0
| |
3.5
|
3.9
| |
0.0
|
1.8
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
E. chaffeensis
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
A. platys
|
14.1
|
13.6
|
21.2
|
ns
|
4.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
6.0
| |
33.3
|
7.8
|
**
|
27.5
|
29.8
|
ns
|
19.3
|
7.4
|
ns
|
|
A. phagocytophilum
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
R. conorii
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
R. africae
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
C. burnetti
|
0.5
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
2.7
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
1.8
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
H. canis
|
58.6
|
77.3
|
67.3
|
ns
|
85.3
|
53.9
|
**
|
98.0
|
86.0
|
ns
|
56.1
|
25.5
|
**
|
67.5
|
45.6
|
*
|
29.0
|
8.8
|
*
|
|
E. canis
|
18.5
|
27.3
|
19.2
|
ns
|
13.3
|
19.2
|
ns
|
0.0
|
4.0
| |
31.6
|
15.7
|
*
|
25.0
|
28.1
|
ns
|
22.5
|
19.1
|
ns
|
|
D. immitisa
|
2.8
|
4.6
|
5.8
| |
1.3
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
7.5
|
14.0
|
ns
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
Trypanosoma spp.a
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
1.8
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
Individuals (N)
|
601
|
44
|
52
| |
75
|
26
| |
50
|
50
| |
57
|
51
| |
40
|
57
| |
31
|
68
| |
|
Shannon index
| |
1.0
|
1.1
|
ns
|
1.0
|
0.8
|
ns
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
ns
|
1.3
|
1.2
|
**
|
1.2
|
1.4
|
ns
|
1.1
|
1.0
|
ns
|
|
Sero-positive
|
|
Anaplasma spp.
|
13.1
|
20.5
|
21.2
|
ns
|
9.7
|
7.7
| |
4.0
|
24.0
|
**
|
4.0
|
20.5
|
***
|
0.0
|
3.9
| |
23.3
|
7.9
|
**
|
|
Borrelia spp.
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
1.4
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
Ehrlichia spp.
|
26.3
|
31.8
|
28.9
|
ns
|
22.2
|
15.4
|
ns
|
10.0
|
4.0
|
ns
|
54.0
|
32.0
|
*
|
35.0
|
21.2
|
ns
|
40.0
|
25.4
|
ns
|
|
Heartwormb
|
0.3
|
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
3.9
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
0.0
|
1.9
| |
0.0
|
0.0
| |
|
Individuals (N)
|
579
|
44
|
52
| |
72
|
26
| |
50
|
50
| |
50
|
50
| |
40
|
52
| |
30
|
63
| |
- DNA-based (qPCR) pathogen prevalence in the blood of dogs from urban and rural areas of 6 African countries. Prevalence of 2 additional pathogens—not transmitted by fleas or ticks (D. immitis and Trypanosoma spp.)—are reported as well. In addition, sero-prevalence of four pathogen genera are given, for which the IDEXX test was used. For statistical outcomes on pairwise macro-geographic differences, see Fig. 4. As a measure of species diversity, a Shannon index has been provided
- ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ns (not-significant) P > 0.05
- aNon-tick-or flea-borne pathogens
- bPositive in IDEXX test, but all negative in qPCR’s
