Patterns of deer ked (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) and tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infestation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the eastern United States

Table 5 Post-hoc analysis of differences in abundance across body sections for each species state combination

State	Species	Contrast	Est	Error	Lower CI	Upper CI	Significance
AL	Is	Head—front	0.54	0.69	− 0.81	1.91
AL	Is	Head—rear	− 0.58	0.77	− 2.10	0.92
AL	Is	Front—rear	− 1.11	0.69	− 2.48	0.21
KY	Is	Head—front	− 1.52	0.45	− 2.41	− 0.64	*
KY	Is	Head—rear	− 5.05	0.91	− 7.06	− 3.46	*
KY	Is	Front—rear	− 3.53	0.91	− 5.54	− 1.92	*
MD	Is	Head—front	− 1.53	0.74	− 3.04	− 0.16	*
MD	Is	Head—rear	− 1.14	0.65	− 2.45	0.10
MD	Is	Front—rear	0.39	0.82	− 1.18	2.05
PA	Is	Head—front	0.08	0.21	− 0.34	0.48
PA	Is	Head—rear	− 3.11	0.36	− 3.84	− 2.44	*
PA	Is	Front—rear	− 3.19	0.36	− 3.92	− 2.51	*
TN	Is	Head—front	− 1.43	0.40	− 2.21	− 0.65	*
TN	Is	Head—rear	− 3.93	0.53	− 4.99	− 2.90	*
TN	Is	Front—rear	− 2.50	0.54	− 3.58	− 1.46	*
VA	Is	Head—front	− 1.74	0.76	− 3.23	− 0.26	*
VA	Is	Head—rear	− 15.39	11.16	− 44.86	− 4.15	*
VA	Is	Front—rear	− 13.65	11.18	− 43.06	− 2.37	*
AL	Lm	Head—front	5.77	3.82	0.69	14.70	*
AL	Lm	Head—rear	8.40	3.79	3.47	17.25	*
AL	Lm	Front—rear	2.62	0.75	1.23	4.17	*
PA	Lc	Head—front	0.17	0.24	− 0.31	0.65
PA	Lc	Head—rear	0.14	0.25	− 0.34	0.62
PA	Lc	Front—rear	− 0.03	0.24	− 0.50	0.44
TN	Lm	Head—front	6.90	3.23	2.72	15.08	*
TN	Lm	Head—rear	8.75	3.22	4.60	16.91	*
TN	Lm	Front—rear	1.85	0.44	1.00	2.71	*

Contrasts for keds in states where they were never reported were removed. “Is” represents Ixodes scapularis, “Lm” represents Lipoptena mazamae, and “Lc” represents Lipoptena cervi
^*Statistically significant at the 0.05 level based on 95% credibility intervals (CI) that do not cross 0

ISSN: 1756-3305