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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study subjects according to region of Ghana

From: Nationwide molecular surveillance of three Plasmodium species harboured by symptomatic malaria patients living in Ghana

Demographic characteristics

Region of Ghanaa

AR

BAR

CR

ER

GAR

NR

UWR

UER

VR

WR

Total

Age, years, mean ± SEM (95% CI)

16.91 ± 0.74 (15.44–18.37)

14.15 ± 0.70 (12.78–15.52)

20.03 ± 0.76 (18.54–21.51)

23.32 ± 1.21 (20.96–25.76)

24.73 ± 0.73 (23.32–26.13)

18.81 ± 0.73 (17.38–20.24)

27.22 ± 0.89 (25.46–28.97)

19.65 ± 0.96 (17.75–21.55)

18.99 ± 0.89 (17.24–20.73)

16.67 ± 0.72 (15.25–18.08)

20.10 ± 0.26 (19.58–20.61)

Sex (female/male), n

508 (286/222)c

560 (319/241)c

607 (382/225)

288 (166/122)c

617 (346/271)c

597 (347/250)c

594 (391/203)c

400 (229/171)c

507 (295/212)

443 (260/183)c

5121

(3021/2100)

PCR results, n/N (%)

 Plasmodium falciparum-positive 

497/519 (95.76)

523/563 (92.89)

493/607 (81.21)

235/292 (80.48)

344/625 (55.04)

407/600 (67.83)

304/655 (46.41)

331/408 (81.13)

430/507 (84.81)

378/484 (78.10)

3942/5260 (74.94)

 Plasmodium malariae-positive 

15/519 (2.89)

15/563 (2.66)

11/607 (1.81)

3/292 (1.03)

0/625 (0.00)

8/600 (1.33)

2/655 (0.31)

1/408 (0.25)

15/507 (2.96)

6/484 (1.24)

76/5260 (1.44)

 Plasmodium ovale-positive 

11/519 (2.12)

13/563 (2.31)

3 /607 (0.50)

2/292 (0.68)

2/625 (0.32)

2/600 (0.33)

2/655 (0.31)

6/408 (1.47)

3/507 (0.59)

2/484 (0.41)

46/5260 (0.87)

Microscopy, n/N (%)

  Microscopy-positive 

412/476 (86.55)d

335/563 (59.50)

295/512 (57.62)d

41/292 (14.04)

132/570 (23.16)d

173/543 (31.86)d

155/618 (25.08)d

189/408 (46.32)

277/492 (56.30)d

277/463 (59.83)d

2286/4937 (46.30)

  Microscopy-negative-

64/476 (13.45)

228/563 (40.50)

217/512 (42.38)

251/292 (85.96)

438/570 (76.84)

370/543 (68.14)

463/618 (74.92)

219/408 (53.68)

215/492 (43.70)

186/463 (40.17)

2651/4937 (53.70)

Submicroscopyb, n/N (%)

  P. falciparum

85/497 (17.10)

188/523 (35.95)

198/493 (40.16)

194/235 (82.55)

212/344 (61.63)

234/407 (57.49)

149/304 (24.11)

142/331 (42.90)

153/430 (35.58)

101/378 (26.71)

1656/3942 (42.01)

  P. malariae

14/15 (93.33)

15/15 (100.00)

11/11 (100.00)

3/3 (100.00)

0 (0.00)

8/8 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

1/1 (100.00)

15/15 (100.00)

6/6 (100.00)

75/76 (98.68)

  P. ovale

10/11 (90.91)

13/13 (100.00)

3/3 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

6/6 (100.00)

3/3 (100.00)

2/2 (100.00)

45/46 (97.83)

  1. CI Confidence interval, SEM standard error of the mean; n positive samples, N total samples tested
  2. aAR, Ashanti region; BAR, Brong Ahafo region; CR, Central region; ER, Eastern region; GAR, Greater Accra region; NR, Northern region; UER, Upper East region; UWR, Upper West region; VR, Volta region; WR, Western region
  3. bSubmicroscopy is defined as PCR-positive but microscopy-negative: formula = ([PCR-positive samples − microscopy-positive samples])/PCR-positive samples) × 100
  4. cMissing gender data among the selected samples
  5. dMissing microscopic data among the selected samples used for PCR diagnosis
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Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

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