Target | Techniquea | Analytic sensitivity (parasite/ml) | Sensitivity (percentage estimation if available) | Specificity | Logistic needs: field/laboratory | Cost | Infection step | Scale | Livestock /fauna | Test objective and/or context |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parasite | Wet blood film | 104–105 [80] | No data | + | Field: microscope | Low | Acute infection | Individual | Livestock (fresh blood) | Epidemiology or experimental follow-up |
HTC/BCM | 2.5 × 102–5 × 103 | + (14–24) [82] | + + | Field: microcentrifuge + microscope | Low | Acute sub-acute infection | Individual (group) | Livestock (fresh blood) | Individual diagnostic (epidemiology) | |
mAECT | + | + + | Field: microcentrifuge + microscope | High | Acute sub-acute infection | Individual | Livestock (fresh blood) | For research: parasite isolation | ||
Rodents inoculation | 10–103 | + + + | + + + | Laboratory with animal facilities | High | Acute sub-acute infection | Individual | Livestock (fresh blood) | For research: parasite isolation | |
DNA | Pan-species primers (ITS1) | 50 [83] | + + (54–74) [84] | + + may require sequencing (99–100) [84] | Laboratory for molecular biology | High | Acute sub-acute infection | Individual and group | Livestock and wildlife | Epidemiology |
Genus/species specific primers | 1–10 [85] | + + + (65–88) [84] | + + + + (99–100) [84] | Laboratory for molecular biology | High | Acute sub-acute infection | Individual and group | Livestock and wildlife | Epidemiology | |
Antibodies | ELISA against total antigens | + + + (90.5) [82] | + + | Laboratory for serology | Low | Acute to chronic and past infection | Group (individual) | Livestock | Epidemiology (individual diagnostic) | |
Protein specific ELISA | Laboratory for serology | Medium | Acute to chronic and past infection | Group (individual) | Livestock | Epidemiology (individual diagnostic) | ||||
Agglutination test (CATT) | + + (87) [88]; (44.5–95.2) [89]; (76–88) [90]; (32.4–52.9) [91] | + + (81) [88]; (79.5–99.5) [89]; (92–98) [90]; (77.8–84.6) [91] | Field | Low | Acute to chronic and past infection | Individual (group) | Livestock | Individual diagnostic (epidemiology) | ||
IFAT | + + | + | Laboratory for serology | Medium | Acute to chronic and past infection | Individual (group) | Livestock | Individual diagnostic | ||
CFT | Laboratory for serology | Medium | Acute to chronic and past infection | Group (individual) | Livestock | Individual diagnostic (epidemiology) | ||||
TL | No data | + + | Laboratory with animal facilities | Very high | Acute to chronic and past infection | Individual | Livestock | Individual diagnostic |