Fig. 1

COX-2 inhibition by NS398 treatment reduced Sj infection-derived hepatomegaly, the size of granuloma, and the infiltration of immune cells around granuloma in the liver of mice. Each C57BL/6 mouse was infected with 20 ± 3 Sj cercariae. Fresh liver tissue from non-infected and infected mice with or without NS398 treatment was harvested, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and embedded with paraffin, and sections were prepared for H&E staining. a Fresh liver tissue from indicated groups was photographed and the area (liver size) was analyzed by computer-aided design (CAD) software. b Typical photographs of different granuloma stages in liver sections from indicated mice groups with H&E staining, c the size of granuloma of each stage induced by single egg deposition, and d the percentage of each granuloma stage are shown. e Representative images from Sj-infected mice liver section with H&E staining without or with NS398 treatment are shown. Data in (a right panel) and c, d are expressed as the mean ± SD (Student’s t-test, statistic P-value is marked in the figures)