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Table 7 Pre-post and non-randomised controlled trial studies included in systematic review

From: Systematic review to evaluate a potential association between helminth infection and physical stunting in children

Authors

Year

Country

Helminth type

Population of interest

ROB—overall grade

Association found between helminth infection and stunting?

Forrester et al.

1998

Mexico

STHs

PSAC + SAC

Low

Possibly

Ahmed et al.

2012

Malaysia

STHs

SAC

Medium

Yes

Belizario et al.

2014

Philippines

STHs

SAC

Medium

Possibly

Abudho et al.

2020

Kenya

schisto + STHs

SAC

Medium

No

Coutinho et al.

2006

Philippines

schisto

SAC

Medium

Possibly

Degarege et al.

2013

Ethiopia

STHs + schisto

SAC

Medium

No

Efunshile, AM

2017

Nigeria

STHs

PSAC + SAC

Medium

No

Fernando et al.

2001

Sri Lanka

STHs

SAC

Medium

No

Hadju et al.

1998

Indonesia

STHs

SAC

Medium

Possibly

Hagel et al.

1999

Venezuela

STHs

SAC

Medium

Possibly

Halpenny et al.

2013

Panama

STHs

PSAC

Medium

No

Hesham Al-Mekhlafi et al.

2008

Malaysia

STHs

SAC

Medium

No

Humphries et al.

2017

Ghana

STHs

SAC

Medium

No

Hurlimann et al.

2014

Côte d'Ivoire

STHs + schisto

SAC

Medium

No

Kightlinger et al.

1996

Madagascar

STHs

PSAC + SAC

Medium

No

Longfils et al.

2005

Cambodia

STHs

SAC

Medium

No

S Mahendra Raj

1998

Malaysia

STHs

SAC

Medium

No

Osakunor et al.

2018

Zimbabwe

schisto

PSAC

Medium

Yes

Passerini et al.

2012

Vietnam

STHs

PW

Medium

Yes

Shield et al.

1986

Papua New Guinea

STHs

PSAC

Medium

No

Sircar et al.

2018

Kenya

STHs + schisto

SAC

Medium

No

Staudacher et al.

2014

Rwanda

STHs

SAC

Medium

Yes

Stephenson et al.

1980

Kenya

STHs

PSAC + SAC

Medium

No

Stephenson et al.

1989b

Kenya

STHs + schisto

SAC

Medium

No

Tanner et al.

1987

Tanzania

STHs + schisto

PSAC + SAC

Medium

No

Walia et al.

2021

Multi-country

STHs

PW

Medium

Yes

Zhou et al.

2005

China

schisto

SAC

Medium

No

Best et al.

1976

Australia

STHs

SAC

High

No

De Silva et al.

1999

Sri Lanka

STHs

PW

High

Possibly

Echazu et al.

2017

Argentina

STHs

PSAC + SAC

High

Yes

  1. BFW: breast-feeding women, I: infants (0-1 year old), Possibly: some association between helminth infection and stunting may have been found, or a suggestion of benefit with anthelmintic treatment, but no statistically significant association was found. Also applies when a suspected association was found in case reports and case series, as these study designs provide a weaker level of evidence. (Age group category thresholds for children as defined by WHO [16]), PSAC: pre-school age children (1-5 year olds), PW: pregnant women, ROB: risk of bias, SAC: school age children (5+ to 20 year olds), schisto: schistosomes, STH: soil-transmitted helminths