Table 1 Tick-borne pathogens of parasitic and bacterial origin detected in raccoon (Procyon lotor) in its native and introduced range

Babesia/Theileria spp.

B. microti-like

USA-native

1/1 (100%)

PCR

[38]

B. microti-like

Japan-introduced

2/24 (8.3%)

PCR

[34]

Babesia sp.

USA-native

1/1 (100%)

PCR

[42]

B. microti-like

USA-native

34/41 (84%)

PCR

[40]

Babesia sp.

37/41 (90%)

Babesia sp.

Japan-introduced

6/348 (1.7%)

PCR

[35]

Theileria sp.

0/348

B. microti-like

0/348

B. microti-like

USA-native

14/17 (82.4%)

PCR

[41]

B. microti-like^a

Austria-introduced

0/4

PCR

[28]

B. microti-like

USA-native

70/106 (66%)

PCR

[36]

Babesia sp.

11/106 (10%)

B. microti-like

USA/Canada

490/699 (70%)

PCR

[37]

Babesia sp.

170/699 (24%)

B. microti

USA-native

5/15(33.3%)

PCR

[39]

B. microti

USA-native

0/3

PCR

[54]

Babesia sp.

Spain-introduced

0/2

PCR

[43]

B. vulpes

0/2

Hepatozoon spp.

Hepatozoon sp.

USA-native

4/4 (100%)

PCR

[44]

H. canis

Spain-introduced

5/194 (2.57%)

PCR

[45]

Hepatozoon sp.

USA-native

3/15 (20%)

PCR

[39]

H. canis

Spain-introduced

0/2

PCR

[43]

H. felis

0/2

H. martis

0/2

Borrelia spp.

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

1/21 (4.8%)

IFAT

[46]

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

75/370 (20%)

ELISA

[47]

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

23/87 (26%)

IFAT

[48]

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

9/200 (4.5%)

IFAT

[49]

Borrelia sp.

USA-native

IFAT 69/156 (44.23%)

IFAT/PCR

[50]

PCR 0/169

B. afzelii

Japan-introduced

1/752 (0.1%)

IIA

[55]

B. garinii

1/752 (0.1%)

B. lonestari

USA-native

1/19 (5.3%)

IFAT

[51]

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

0/30

IFAT

[52]

B. turicatae

USA-native

2/25 (8%)

Immunobloting

[53]

B. burgdorferi

USA-native

1/39 (2.6%)

PCR

[54]

B. miyamotoi

0/39

Rickettsia spp.

R. rickettsi

USA-native

17/94 (18.1%)

CF

[56]

R. rickettsi

USA-native

35/129 (27.1%)

IFAT

[57]

R. montana

8/129 (6.2%)

R. bellii 369-C strain

9/129 (6.9%)

R. rickettsi

USA-native

55/120 (45.8%)

micro-IF

[58]

R. montana

1/120 (0.8%)

R. bellii 369-C strain

2/120 (1.7%)

R. rickettsi

USA-native

3/14 (21.4%)

MAT

[59]

R. helvetica

Japan-introduced

11/699 (1.6%)

PCR

[62]

R. felis

1/699 (0.1%)

R. heliongjiangensis/R. japonica

1/699 (0.1%)

R. typhi

USA-native

0/9

IFAT

[60]

R. japonica

Japan-introduced

14/752 (1.9%)

IIA

[55]

R. tsutsugamushi

39/752 (5.2%)

R. parkeri

USA-native

14/19 (73.7%)

IFAT

[51]

R. amblyommi

Japan-introduced

3/194 (1.5%)

PCR

[63]

Rickettsia sp. Hj126

3/194 (1.5%)

R. helvetica

1/194 (0.5%)

R. rickettsi

USA-native

3/30 (10%)

IFAT

[52]

Rickettsia sp.

USA-native

0/1

IFAT

[61]

Rickettsia sp.

USA-native

3/39 (7.7%)

PCR

[54]

Bartonella spp.

B. rochalimae

USA-native

11/42 (26%)

PCR

[65]

Bartonella sp.

Japan-introduced

0/977

PCR

[69]

B. henselae

USA-native

12/37 (32.4%)

PCR

[66]

B. koehlerae

1/37 (2.7%)

B. clarridgeiae

0/37

B. rochalimae

USA-native

11/186 (5.9%)

PCR

[67]

B. berkhoffii

3/186 (1.6%)

Bartonella sp.

USA-native

0/39

PCR

[54]

B.taylorii-like

Canada-native

1/1 (100%)

PCR

[68]

Anaplasma spp.

A. phagocytophilum

USA-native

IFAT 51/57 (89.5%)

IFAT/PCR

[70]

PCR 14/57 (24.6%)

A. phagocytophilum

USA-native

IFAT 1/60 (1.7%)

IFAT/PCR

[71]

PCR 0/60

A. phagocytophilum

Japan-introduced

IFAT 1/187 (0.5%)

IFAT/PCR

[73]

PCR 0/9

A. phagocytophilum

USA-native

IFAT 1/156 (0.64%)

IFAT/PCR

[50]

PCR 0/169

A.phagocytophilum

Japan-introduced

0/699

PCR

[72]

A. bovis

36/699 (5.15%)

Anaplasma sp.

Austria-introduced

0/4

PCR

[28]

Anaplasma sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/15

PCR

[6]

A. phagocytophilum

Poland-introduced

1/78 (1.3%)

PCR

[74]

Germany-introduced

0/40

A. phagocytophilum

USA-native

15/39 (38.5%)

PCR

[54]

A. marginale

0/39

Ehrlichia spp.

E. chaffeensis

USA-native

IFAT 9/43 (21%)

IFAT

[75]

E. chaffeensis

USA-native

IFAT 83/411 (20%)

IFAT/PCR

[76]

PCR 0/20

E. canis

USA-native

IFAT 13/60 (21.7%)

IFAT/ PCR

[71]

PCR 1/60 (1.7%)

E. chaffeensis

IFAT 23/60 (38.3%)

PCR 0/60

E. ewingii

PCR 0/60

E. canis

Japan-introduced

IFAT 1/187 (0.5%)

IFAT/PCR

[73]

PCR 0/9

E. chaffeensis

IFAT 3/187 (1.6%)

PCR 0/9

E. chaffeensis

USA-native

IFAT 49/156 (31.41%)

IFAT/PCR

[50]

PCR 0/169

E. canis

IFAT 18/156 (11.53%)

PCR 0/169

E. ewingii

0/169 PCR

E. chaffeensis

USA-native

8/19 (42.1%)

IFAT

[51]

E. chaffeensis

Japan-introduced

0/699

PCR

[72]

E. canis

0/699

E. canis

Austria-introduced

0/4

PCR

[28]

Ehrlichia sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/15

PCR

[6]

E. canis

Spain-introduced

5/194 (2.57%)

PCR

[45]

E. canis

USA-native

0/39

PCR

[54]

E. ewingii

0/39

E. chaffeensis

0/39

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.

Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris

USA-native

32/60 (53.3%)

PCR

[71]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris

USA-native

131/197 (67%)

PCR

[78]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/15

PCR

[6]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.

Poland-introduced

0//78

PCR

[74]

Germany-introduced

0/40