Table 2 Tick-borne pathogens of parasitic and bacterial origin detected in free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in their native and introduced range

Babesia/Theileria spp.

B. microti-like

South Korea-native

3/14 (21.4%)

PCR

[80]

B. microti

South Korea-native

0/23

PCR

[81]

B. microti-like^a

Austria-introduced

5/8 (62.5%)

PCR

[28]

Theileria sp.

South Korea-native

0/15

PCR

[82]

Borrelia spp.

B. afzelii

Poland-introduced

2/28 (25%)

PCR

[84]

B. garinii

5/28 (62.5%)

B. valaisiana

1/28 (12.5%)

B. theileri

South Korea-native

1/142 (0.7%)

PCR

[22]

Rickettsia spp.

R. japonica

Japan-native

0/30

IFAT

[85]

R. tsutsugamushi

0/30

R. japonica

South Korea-native

11/36 (30.5%)

IFAT

[86]

R. typhi

15/36 (41.6%)

Rickettsia sp.

South Korea-native

0/ 15

PCR

[82]

Bartonella spp.

Bartonella sp.

Japan-native

0/171

PCR

[69]

B. henselae

South Korea-native

2/142 (1.5%)

PCR

[22]

B. rochalimae

Japan-native

44/619 (7.1%)

PCR

[88]

Anaplasma spp.

A. phagocytophilum

Germany-introduced

3/13 (23.2%)

PCR

[89]

Anaplasma sp.

Austria-introduced

0/8

PCR

[28]

Anaplasma sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/7

PCR

[6]

A. bovis

South Korea-native

1/15 (6.6%)

PCR

[82]

A. phagocytophilum

Poland-introduced

0/10 (30%)

PCR

[74]

A. phagocytophilum

A. bovis

South Korea-native

2/193 (1%)

4/193 (2.1%)

PCR

[22]

A. phagocytophilum

Poland-introduced

24/68 (35.3%)

PCR

[90]

Ehrlichia spp.

Ehrlichia sp.

South Korea-native

0/15

PCR

[82]

E. canis

Austria-introduced

0/8

PCR

[28]

Ehrlichia sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/7

PCR

[6]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia spp.

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.

Austria-introduced

0/8

PCR

[28]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.

Czech Republic-introduced

0/7

PCR

[6]

Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. (FU98)

Poland-introduced

3/10 (30%)

PCR

[74]