Fig. 2

Population genetic differences among regions increase with increasing geographic distance. Points are estimated marginal means with red bands indicating ± 95% confidence intervals. Lowercase letters mark statistical differences in pairwise distances (using Kimura’s 2-parameter model) evaluated with Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD). A Pairwise distances between ticks from the different regions within New York are generally low, consistent with weak population genetic structure. Yet, comparisons between the Hudson River Valley (Hudson) and any other regions within New York are greater than all other between-region comparisons. B Pairwise distances between ticks from outside of New York and ticks from any region within New York are greater than average pairwise distances between ticks from different regions within New York