Fig. 2

Schematic overview of current diagnostic tools for animal trypanosomoses (a) and those needed to improve the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses (b). Diagnostic tests are grouped according to the main epidemiological contexts in which they can be used (enzootic, epizootic areas, non-infected area) and the different situations encountered (general management, treatment decision, zoonotic risk, sporadic outbreak and importation procedures, etc.). New diagnostic test development efforts should benefit from strong interconnections between international research centres, National Agricultural Research Systems and, possibly, private industrial partners, with the aim to facilitate access to biological material from biobanks. Such cooperation will help scientists transform scientific discoveries into field-applicable tests. New tests should first be validated through multi-partner field evaluations before being distributed for large-scale field applications. These developments will need to be supported by updated international recommendations and further national regulations in keeping with epidemiological contexts, to ensure the rapid and widespread adoption of recently-developed tests. See Abbreviation List for the full description of each abbreviation