Table 3 The baseline characteristics of the included studies on malaria and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in pregnant women
No. | Year of publication | Country/region | Study design | Number of HIV-positive patients  | No. of malaria-positive patients  | Laboratory diagnostic method | Quality assessment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1999 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 159 | 90 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [94] |
2 | 2002 | Rwanda | Cohort | 228 | 19 | Blood smear | 7/11 | [95] |
3 | 2003 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 599 | 179 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [96] |
4 | 2004 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 480 | 61 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [97] |
5 | 2004 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 512 | 128 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [17] |
6 | 2004 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 205 | 44 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [98] |
7 | 2005 | Kenya | Cohort | 83 | 34 | Smear and/or PCR | 7/11 | [99] |
8 | 2008 | Uganda | Cohort | 170 | 63 | IHC | 8/11 | [100] |
9 | 2008 | Uganda | Cohort | 170 | 52 | ICT | 7/11 | [100] |
10 | 2009 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 161 | 30 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [101] |
11 | 2009 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 92 | 41 | RDT and smear | 6/8 | [102] |
12 | 2010 | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | 1006 | 185 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [103] |
13 | 2011 | Malawi | Clinical trial | 251 | 108 | Blood smear | 11/13 | [104] |
14 | 2012 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 185 | 70 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [105] |
15 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 82 | 43 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [106] |
16 | 2013 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 23 | 2 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [107] |
17 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cohort | 203 | 145 | Blood smear | 8/10 | [108] |
18 | 2013 | Rwanda | Cross-sectional | 980 | 130 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [109] |
19 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 44 | 34 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [110] |
20 | 2013 | Kenya | Cohort | 489 | 119 | Blood smear | 8/11 | [111] |
21 | 2013 | Ghana | Prospective | 443 | 60 | RDT | 7/11 | [30] |
22 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cohort | 432 | 45 | Smear or RDT | 8/11 | [112] |
23 | 2014 | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | 420 | 19 | RDT | 8/8 | [113] |
24 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 159 | 53 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [114] |
25 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 28 | 28 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [115] |
26 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 301 | 150 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [116] |
27 | 2014 | Africa | Randomized controlled trial | 973 | 54 | Blood smear | 13/13 | [117] |
28 | 2015 | Congo | Cross-sectional | 25 | 19 | Smear and PCR | 8/8 | [118] |
29 | 2015 | Zambia | Cross-sectional | 140 | 49 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [119] |
30 | 2015 | Zambia | Cross-sectional | 138 | 90 | PCR | 7/8 | [119] |
31 | 2015 | Tanzania | Prospective | 2378 | 376 | Clinical | 8/11 | [120] |
32 | 2015 | Benin | Cross-sectional | 432 | 87 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [121] |