Table 4 Risk factors associated with malaria infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients
Risk factors | Categories | No. study | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | I2 (inconsistency), % | Cochran Q | Egger regression test (bias) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | ||||||||
 ART | Yes No | 2 | 1.3 (0.2–6.6) |  0.7342 | - | 7.3 | - |  0.0069 |
 CD4+  |  < 200 cells/µl  ≥ 200 cells/µl | 2 | 1.8 (0.8–3.8) |  0.1195 | - | 1.8 | - |  0.1681 |
Adults | ||||||||
 Sex | Male Female | 24 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |  0.1393 | 81.4 (72.9–86.3) | 123.4 | 0.6 |  0.007 |
 Age (years) |  < 40  ≥ 40 | 20 | 1.1 (1 -1.3) |  0.4716 | 53 (10.8–70.6) | 40.3 | 0.04 |  0.0148 |
 ART | Yes No | 7 | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) |  0.0029* | 82.5 (49.5–90.8) | 92.9 | 1.09 | < 0.0001 |
 CD4+  |  < 200 cells/µl  ≥ 200 cells/µl | 12 | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) |  0.0428* | 90.4 (85.7–93.1) | 114.9 | 1.1 |  < 0.0001 |
 Education | Primary level Higher-level | 3 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |  0.8935 | 0 (0–72.9) | 0.5 | – |  0.9389 |
Pregnant women | ||||||||
 Gravidity | Primigravida Multigravida | 9 | 0.96 (0.7–1.2) |  0.9758 | 38.2 (0–70.2) | 12.9 | 0.2 |  0.7916 |
 ART | Yes No | 4 | 1.06 (0.7–1.5) |  0.96 | 51.8 (0–82.3) | 6.2 | 0.01 |  0.1012 |
 CD4+  |  < 200 cells/µl  ≥ 200 cells/µl | 4 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) |  0.7949 | 92.3 (83.2–95.4) | 38.7 | − 5.2 |  0.0012 |