Africa-wide meta-analysis on the prevalence and distribution of human cystic echinococcosis and canine Echinococcus granulosus infections

Karshima, Solomon Ngutor; Ahmed, Musa Isiyaku; Adamu, Nuhu Bala; Magaji, Abdullahi Alhaji; Zakariah, Musa; Mohammed, Konto

doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05474-6

Table 1 List and characteristics of studies on human cystic echinococcosis in Africa

From: Africa-wide meta-analysis on the prevalence and distribution of human cystic echinococcosis and canine Echinococcus granulosus infections

Country	Study year	MOD	Sample size	Cases	Prev. (%)	95% CI	ROB	Study reference
C/Africa
Gabon	2014–16	US	348	0	0.00	0.00, 1.05	MR	Lotsch et al. [59]
E/Africa
Ethiopia	2008–12	US	25,840	27	0.10	0.07, 0.15	LR	Assefa et al. [60]
Ethiopia	1980	IHT	1342	68	3.49	2.60, 4.57	MR	Fuller and Fuller [61]
Ethiopia	2002–06	US	36,402	26	0.07	0.05, 0.10	MR	Kebede et al. [62]
Ethiopia	1989	US	990	7	6.41	5.16, 7.85	MR	Klungsoyr et al. [63]
Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan and Tanzania	1985–87	US	18,565	332	1.79	1.60, 1.99	MR	Macpherson et al. [64]
Kenya	1981/82	IHT	1190	85	7.14	5.74, 8.76		French and Ingera [65]
Kenya	1991	ELISA	538	88	16.36	13.33, 19.76	MR	Kenny and MacCabe [66]
Kenya	1986	USS/ELISA	3553	198	5.57	4.84, 6.38	MR	Macpherson et al. [67]
Kenya	1983–15	US	961	240	24.97	22.27, 27.84	MR	Solomon et al. [68]
Kenya	1985–12	US	10,920	418	3.83	3.48, 4.20	MR	Solomon et al. [69]
Mozambique	2011/11	MWB	601	104	17.30	14.36, 20.57	MR	Noormahomed et al. [70]
South Sudan	2012	USS	610	4	0.66	0.18, 1.67	MR	Stewart et al. [71]
Tanzania	2012	ELISA	345	39	11.30	8.16, 15.13	MR	Khan et al. [72]
Tanzania	1977–86	US	959	10	1.04	0.50, 1.91	MR	Macpherson et al. [73]
N/Africa
Egypt	1974	LAT	755	47	6.23	4.61, 8.19	MR	Botros et al. [74]
Egypt	1997–99	MRI, US & X-ray	492,353	133	0.03	0.02, 0.03	MR	Kandeel et al. [75]
Egypt	2006	IHT	21	3	14.29	3.05, 36.34	MR	Mazyat et al. [76]
Libya	1972–79	Surgical	22,979	111	0.48	0.40, 0.58	MR	Aboundaya [77]
Libya	1979–80	ELISA	217	20	9.22	5.72, 13.88		Gebreel et al. [78]
Libya	1989	IHT	384	8	0.36	0.13, 0.79	MR	Khan et al. [79]
Libya	2008–11	ELISA	300	27	9.00	6.01, 12.82	LR	Mohamed et al. [80]
Libya	1991	US	4103	57	1.39	1.05, 1.81	MR	Shambesh et al. [81]
Libya	1996	US	485	22	4.54	2.86, 6.79	MR	Shambesh et al. [82]
Libya	1998	US	20,220	339	1.68	1.50, 1.86	MR	Shambesh et al. [83]
Morocco	2014	US	5367	102	1.90	1.55, 2.30	LR	Chebil et al. [84]
Morocco	2000/01	US	11,612	126	1.09	0.90, 1.29	MR	Macpherson et al. [85]
Sudan	2017/18	ELISA	305	20	6.56	4.05, 9.95	LR	Ahmed et al. [86]
Sudan	2002	US	300	1	0.33	0.01, 1.84	LR	Elmahdi et al. [87]
Tunisia	1980–84	ELISA	355	8	2.25	0.98, 4.39	MR	Bchir et al. [88]
Tunisia	1990	US	1434	50	1.34	0.62, 2.53	MR	Bchir et al. [89]
Tunisia	1990–17	US	7808	26	0.33	0.22, 0.49	MR	Jomaa et al. [90]
Tunisia	2004–09	Autopsy	2155	26	2.08	0.90, 4.06	MR	Khelil et al. [91]
Tunisia	2018	ELISA	374	32	8.56	5.93, 11.86	MR	M’rad et al. [92]
Tunisia	1983	US	670	9	0.57	0.01, 3.13	MR	Mlika et al. [93]
Tunisia	1985	US/ELISA	1650	6	13.12	9.41, 17.63	MR	Mlika et al. [94]
S/Africa
South Africa	1995–10	IHT	236	26	11.02	7.32, 15.72	MR	Wahlers et al. [12]
W/Africa
Nigeria	1977	AGDT and IHT	189,861	1	0.00	0.00, 0.00	MR	Dada [95]
Nigeria	1986	CFT	176	1	1.21	0.79, 1.76	MR	Sixl et al. [96]

AGDT Agar gel diffusion test, CFT complement fixation test, CI confidence interval, C/Africa Central Africa, E/Africa eastern Africa, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IHT indirect hemagglutination test, LAT latex agglutination test, LR low risk, MR moderate risk, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, MWB multiplex western blot, N/Africa northern Africa, ROB risk of bias, S/Africa southern Africa, US ultrasonography, W/Africa western Africa

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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