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Table 2 Sub-group analysis for estimated prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in Africa

From: Africa-wide meta-analysis on the prevalence and distribution of human cystic echinococcosis and canine Echinococcus granulosus infections

Variables

No. of studies

Estimated prevalence

(95% CI)

P-value

Heterogeneity

Meta-regression

SS

Cases

Prev. (%)

Q-value

I2 (%)

Q-P

P-value

OR (95% CI)

Regions

 C/Africa

1

348

0

0.14

0.01, 2.25

< 0.001

0.00

0.000

1.000

0.001

2.12 (− 2.62, 6.85)

 E/Africa

14

102,816

1646

2.71

1.35, 5.37

 

2303.04

99.44

< 0.001

 

5.08 (2.46, 7.69)

 N/Africa

21

573,847

1173

1.80

0.88, 3.63

 

2734.56

99.27

< 0.001

 

4.66 (2.09, 7.24)

 S/Africa

1

236

26

11.02

7.61, 15.67

 

0.00

0.00

1.000

 

6.57 (2.71, 10.44)

 W/Africa

2

190,037

2

0.02

0.00, 14.06

 

24.36

95.89

< 0.001

 

Reference

MOD

 Others

5

522,690

474

0.51

0.05, 5.04

< 0.001

2274.46

99.82

< 0.001

0.002

− 0.78 (− 2.26, 0.69)

 Serology

16

197,000

577

5.80

3.98, 8.39

 

265.29

94.35

< 0.001

 

1.46 (0.44, 2.48)

 US

18

147,594

1796

1.13

0.62, 2.03

 

2241.26

99.24

< 0.001

 

Reference

Study period

 1970–1987

13

242,272

896

1.55

0.84, 2.84

< 0.001

786.20

98.47

< 0.001

0.438

− 0.69 (− 1.92, 0.54)

 1988–2004

10

532,419

831

1.30

0.36, 4.60

 

2621.83

99.66

< 0.001

 

− 0.71 (− 2.03, 0.60)

 2005–2021

16

92,593

1120

2.64

1.18, 5.82

 

2145.82

99.30

< 0.001

 

Reference

Sample size

 ≤ 500

13

3846

207

5.44

3.73, 7.89

< 0.001

73.06

83.58

< 0.001

0.001

1.81 (0.78, 2.83)

 501–1000

8

6084

509

4.13

1.92, 8.65

 

369.19

98.10

< 0.001

 

1.75 (0.58, 2.92)

 > 1000

18

857,354

2131

0.71

0.36, 1.41

 

3968.06

99.57

< 0.001

 

Reference

Gender

 Women

17

39,667

758

3.39

1.90, 5.97

< 0.001

896.15

98.22

< 0.001

0.523

0.29 (− 0.59, 1.16)

 Men

17

33,266

428

2.54

1.34, 4.76

 

581.00

97.25

< 0.001

 

Reference

Age

 Adult

10

10,351

411

5.98

3.33, 10.51

< 0.001

260.91

96.55

< 0.001

0.045

1.12 (0.03, 2.20)

 Children

10

11,962

124

1.96

0.66, 5.68

 

256.39

96.49

< 0.001

 

Reference

 Overall

39

921,794

3713

1.67

1.08, 2.58

 

6297.68

99.40

< 0.001

  
  1. CI confidence interval, C/Africa Central Africa, ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, E/Africa eastern Africa, I2 inverse variance index, MOD method of diagnosis, N/Africa northern Africa, OR odds ratio, PCR polymerase chain reaction, Prev prevalence, Q-P Cochrane’s P-value, SS sample size, S/Africa southern Africa, US ultrasonography, W/Africa western Africa