Variables | No. of studies | Estimated prevalence | (95% CI) | P-value | Heterogeneity | Meta-regression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | Cases | Prev. (%) | Q-value | I2 (%) | Q-P | P-value | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Regions | |||||||||||
 C/Africa | 1 | 348 | 0 | 0.14 | 0.01, 2.25 | < 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.001 | 2.12 (− 2.62, 6.85) |
 E/Africa | 14 | 102,816 | 1646 | 2.71 | 1.35, 5.37 |  | 2303.04 | 99.44 | < 0.001 |  | 5.08 (2.46, 7.69) |
 N/Africa | 21 | 573,847 | 1173 | 1.80 | 0.88, 3.63 |  | 2734.56 | 99.27 | < 0.001 |  | 4.66 (2.09, 7.24) |
 S/Africa | 1 | 236 | 26 | 11.02 | 7.61, 15.67 |  | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.000 |  | 6.57 (2.71, 10.44) |
 W/Africa | 2 | 190,037 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.00, 14.06 |  | 24.36 | 95.89 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
MOD | |||||||||||
 Others | 5 | 522,690 | 474 | 0.51 | 0.05, 5.04 | < 0.001 | 2274.46 | 99.82 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | − 0.78 (− 2.26, 0.69) |
 Serology | 16 | 197,000 | 577 | 5.80 | 3.98, 8.39 |  | 265.29 | 94.35 | < 0.001 |  | 1.46 (0.44, 2.48) |
 US | 18 | 147,594 | 1796 | 1.13 | 0.62, 2.03 |  | 2241.26 | 99.24 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
Study period | |||||||||||
 1970–1987 | 13 | 242,272 | 896 | 1.55 | 0.84, 2.84 | < 0.001 | 786.20 | 98.47 | < 0.001 | 0.438 | − 0.69 (− 1.92, 0.54) |
 1988–2004 | 10 | 532,419 | 831 | 1.30 | 0.36, 4.60 |  | 2621.83 | 99.66 | < 0.001 |  | − 0.71 (− 2.03, 0.60) |
 2005–2021 | 16 | 92,593 | 1120 | 2.64 | 1.18, 5.82 |  | 2145.82 | 99.30 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
Sample size | |||||||||||
 ≤ 500 | 13 | 3846 | 207 | 5.44 | 3.73, 7.89 | < 0.001 | 73.06 | 83.58 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 1.81 (0.78, 2.83) |
 501–1000 | 8 | 6084 | 509 | 4.13 | 1.92, 8.65 |  | 369.19 | 98.10 | < 0.001 |  | 1.75 (0.58, 2.92) |
 > 1000 | 18 | 857,354 | 2131 | 0.71 | 0.36, 1.41 |  | 3968.06 | 99.57 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
Gender | |||||||||||
 Women | 17 | 39,667 | 758 | 3.39 | 1.90, 5.97 | < 0.001 | 896.15 | 98.22 | < 0.001 | 0.523 | 0.29 (− 0.59, 1.16) |
 Men | 17 | 33,266 | 428 | 2.54 | 1.34, 4.76 |  | 581.00 | 97.25 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
Age | |||||||||||
 Adult | 10 | 10,351 | 411 | 5.98 | 3.33, 10.51 | < 0.001 | 260.91 | 96.55 | < 0.001 | 0.045 | 1.12 (0.03, 2.20) |
 Children | 10 | 11,962 | 124 | 1.96 | 0.66, 5.68 |  | 256.39 | 96.49 | < 0.001 |  | Reference |
 Overall | 39 | 921,794 | 3713 | 1.67 | 1.08, 2.58 |  | 6297.68 | 99.40 | < 0.001 |  |  |