Table 1 Bivariate analysis including the associated risk factors for anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in people experiencing homeless in São Paulo city, Brazil (N = 194; positive = 89 and negative = 105)
Variable | Positive (%) | Negative (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Statistical analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
City of origin | 0.638 | |||
São Paulo city | 30 (33.7) | 31 (29.5) | Reference | |
Others | 59 (66.3) | 74 (70.5) | 1.2 (0.66–2.24) | |
Gender identity | 0.599 | |||
Female | 8 (8.0) | 13 (12.4) | Reference | |
Male | 81 (92.0) | 92 (87.6) | 1.4 (0.28–1.77) | |
Age (Years) | 0.112 | |||
> 60 | 17 (19.3) | 14 (13.3) | Reference | |
30 to 60 | 55 (62.5) | 80 (76.2) | 0.6 (0.25–1.26) | |
< 60 | 16 (18.2) | 11 (10.5) | 1.2 (0.41–3.48) | |
Educational background | 0.051 | |||
Elementary school | 47 (52.8) | 44 (41.9) | Reference | |
High school | 38 (42.7) | 46 (43.8) | 0.8 (0.43–1.41) | |
College | 4 (4.5) | 15 (14.3) | 0.3 (0.07–0.79) | |
Race/ethnicity | 0.994 | |||
White | 27 (30.3) | 33 (31.4) | Reference | |
Non-white | 62 (69.7) | 72 (68.6) | 1.1 (0.57–1.95) | |
Street clinics | 0.103 | |||
No | 62 (72.9) | 63 (60.6) | Reference | |
Yes | 23 (27.1) | 41 (39.4) | 0.6 (0.30–1.06) | |
Years of homelessness | 0.349 | |||
< 1 year | 23 (34.8) | 26 (33.8) | Reference | |
1–10 years | 27 (40.9) | 39 (50.6) | 0.78 (0.37–1.66) | |
> 10 years | 16 (24.2) | 12 (15.6) | 1.5 (0.58–3.91) | |
Drinking water | 0.627 | |||
No | 1 (1.18) | 3 (2.97) | Reference | |
Yes | 84 (98.8) | 98 (97.0) | 2.4 (0.27–68.5) | |
Raw meat intake | 0.228 | |||
No | 76 (90.5) | 85 (83.3) | Reference | |
Yes | 8 (9.52) | 17 (16.7) | 0.5 (0.20–1.28) | |
Contact with dog | 1.0 | |||
No | 79 (88.8) | 94 (89.5) | Reference | |
Yes | 10 (11.2) | 11 (10.5) | 1.1 (0.43–2.73) | |
Contact with cat | 0.998 | |||
No | 84 (94.4) | 98 (93.3) | Reference | |
Yes | 5 (5.62) | 7 (6.67) | 0.8 (0.23–2.80) | |
Contact with soil | 0.606 | |||
No | 64 (72.7) | 71 (68.3) | Reference | |
Yes | 24 (27.3) | 33 (31.7) | 0.8 (0.43–1.51) | |
Onychophagy | 1.0 | |||
No | 69 (80.2) | 81 (79.4) | Reference | |
Yes | 17 (19.8) | 21 (20.6) | 1.0 (0.46–1.95) | |
Showering | 0.322 | |||
Daily | 82 (92.1) | 91 (86.) | Reference | |
Rarely | 7 (7.87) | 14 (13.3) | 0.6 (0.20–1.44) |