Comparative analysis of the anthelmintic efficacy of European heather extracts on Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis egg hatching and larval motility

Table 4 Average motility values of larvae for each gastrointestinal nematode species and experiment following incubation with 10 mg/ml of heather extract (n = 3)

GIN species	Experiment	Treatments^a							Controls ^a		SED
GIN species	Experiment	Season	UK	Germany	Norway	Switzerland	Spain C. vulgaris	Spain E. cinerea	Alive	Dead	SED
T. circumcincta	Season × Country	Winter	0.0048	0.0046	0.0037	0.0051	0.0044	–	0.0076	0.0013	0.0005
	Season × Country	Spring	0.0055	0.0045	0.0047	0.0050	0.0045	–	0.0076	0.0013	0.0005
	Species × Season	Winter	–	–	–	–	0.0043	0.0035^b	0.0073	0.0031	0.0003
	Species × Season	Spring	–	–	–	–	0.0039	0.0045	0.0073	0.0031	0.0003
T. colubriformis	Season × Country	Winter	0.0040	0.0034^b	0.0036	0.0031^b	0.0039	-	0.0050	0.0027	0.0004
	Season × Country	Spring	0.0044	0.0040	0.0041	0.0041	0.0041	-	0.0050	0.0027	0.0004
	Species × Season	Winter	–	–	–	–	0.0039	0.0038	0.0050	0.0027	0.0004
	Species × Season	Spring	–	–	–	–	0.0042	0.0049	0.0050	0.0027	0.0004

Null hypothesis: the motility of larvae exposed to heather extract will significantly differ (P < 0.05) from that of dead larvae, but not from that of alive control larvae (P > 0.05)
GIN Gastrointestinal nematode, SED standard error of difference
^aValues cannot be compared across different experiments, only within one
^bExtracts for which the null hypothesis can be rejected

ISSN: 1756-3305