Fig. 1

Effects of PpSP32 on lymphocyte effector functions. A PBMCs were stimulated or not with PMA/ionomycin, PHA, or anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies in the presence or absence of increasing doses of PpSP32 for 72 h. Proliferative responses were assessed by (3H) thymidine uptake. Results are expressed as count per minute (cpm). Data are means of three independent experiments. B PBMCs were stimulated with PMA (50 ng/ml) and ionomycin (1 µg/ml) in the presence or absence of different concentrations of PpSP32 for 48 h. Supernatants were collected and tested for cytokine production by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SD. The P-value was determined by the ANOVA test with multiple comparisons. *Indicates P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001. PHA, phytohemagglutinin; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; Iono, ionomycin; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; Uns, unstimulated; IL, interleukin; pg, picogram; ml, milliliter; µg, microgram; PpSP32, Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein 32