Fig. 2From: PpSP32, the Phlebotomus papatasi immunodominant salivary protein, exerts immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytesEffects of PpSP32 on monocyte effector function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated by LPS (100 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence or not of increasing doses of PpSP32. A The mean fluorescence of CD86 and HLA-DR staining in CD14-positive cells is shown. *Indicates P < 0.05 when compared to the condition without PpSP32. B Cytokine production was tested in the supernatants by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SD. The P-value was determined by the ANOVA test with multiple comparisons. *Indicates P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 when compared to the condition without PpSP32. HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen receptor; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; PpSP32, Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein 32; pg, picogram; ml, milliliter; µg, microgramBack to article page