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Fig. 2 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 2

From: PpSP32, the Phlebotomus papatasi immunodominant salivary protein, exerts immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes

Fig. 2

Effects of PpSP32 on monocyte effector function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated by LPS (100 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence or not of increasing doses of PpSP32. A The mean fluorescence of CD86 and HLA-DR staining in CD14-positive cells is shown. *Indicates P < 0.05 when compared to the condition without PpSP32. B Cytokine production was tested in the supernatants by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SD. The P-value was determined by the ANOVA test with multiple comparisons. *Indicates P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 when compared to the condition without PpSP32. HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen receptor; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; PpSP32, Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein 32; pg, picogram; ml, milliliter; µg, microgram

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