Fig. 3

Effects of PpSP32 on cytokine production by THP1-derived macrophages: THP-1-derived macrophages were pretreated with different concentrations of PpSP32, 0.5 µg/ml (0.5), 2 µg/ml (2), and 5 µg/ml (5), for 48 h then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 18 h. Supernatants were collected and tested for cytokine production by ELISA (A) or by multiplex flow cytometry analysis (B). Data are presented as means ± SD. The P-value was determined by the ANOVA test with multiple comparisons. *Indicates P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001 when compared to the condition without PpSP32. IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IP-10, interferon-γ-induced protein-10; Uns, unstimulated; pg, picogram; ml, milliliter; µg, microgram; PpSP32, Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein 32