Fig. 2

Survival curves of conventionally reared and antibiotic-treated Cx. pipiens pallens at low temperatures. a Survival curve of Cx. pipiens pallens at 4 °C. b Survival curve of Cx. pipiens pallens at 7 °C. c Survival curve of Cx. pipiens pallens at 10 °C. Significant differences were determined using the log-rank test: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. The letters C and T represent the control and antibiotic-treated groups, respectively