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Table 1 Worldwide prevalence of Babesia infection in buffaloes, and variation in prevalence in relation to the detection method

From: Global prevalence and species diversity of tick-borne pathogens in buffaloes worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Parameter

No. datasets

No. tested

No. positive

Pooled estimate % based on 95% CI

Heterogeneity I2%

Overall prevalence

57

    

 Blood smear

15

5517

654

10.0 (7.0–13.0)

98.11

 PCR

25

3593

460

12.0 (9.2–14.7)

95.33%

 RLB

3

429

46

5.9 (−1.8 to 13.7)

93.22%

 LAMP

1

165

30

18.2 (12.3–24.1)

NA

 ELISA

10

1633

743

32.7 (13.2–52.2)

98.93%

 IFAT

2

163

46

29.5 (18.0–41.1)

53.07%

 LAT

1

314

166

52.9 (47.3–58.4)

NA

Regional prevalence

Africa

10

    

 Blood smear

2

93

15

40.1 (−26.1 to 106.3)

96.39%

 PCR

4

313

18

4.1 (0.2–8.0)

74.42%

 RLB

1

85

2

2.4 (−0.9 to 5.6)

NA

 ELISA

3

421

180

37.7 (18.2–57.1)

94.05%

Asia

41

    

 Blood smear

13

5424

639

9.2 (6.1–12.3)

98.29%

 PCR

17

2446

248

10.2 (7.4–13.0)

93.79%

 RLB

2

344

44

7.8 (−5.2 to 20.8)

96.01%

 LAMP

1

165

30

18.2 (12.3–24.1)

NA

 ELISA

5

567

119

22.2 (11.1–33.2)

92.05%

 IFAT

2

163

46

29.5 (18.0–41.1)

53.07%

 LAT

1

314

166

52.9 (47.3–58.4)

NA

South America

6

    

 PCR

4

834

194

25.4 (5.6–45.3)

98.16%

 ELISA

2

645

444

49.3 (3.5–63.5)

99.43%

  1. NA not applicable