Fig. 4
An overview of malaria vaccines and their mechanism. a Target stage (sporozoite, merozoites or gametocytes and ookinete). b Vaccine type (whole parasite vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant DNA/RNA vaccines) and target antigens. c Immune cell and response (cell-mediated or humoral antibody response). d Mode of action (killing of infected cell or cell invasion inhibition) of vaccine. (e) Vaccine name/s. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA, ribonucleic acid