Table 3 List of malarial vaccines (approved or under clinical trial)
Candidate | Target stage | Vaccine type | Target antigen | Mode of action | Adjuvant | Phase/status | Clinical trial.gov identifier Home—ClinicalTrials.gov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PfSPZ | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Whole parasite | Sporozoite surface proteins | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion or may kill infected hepatocytes | Not present | II Completed | NCT03952650 |
PfSPZ-GA1 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Whole parasite | Sporozoite surface proteins | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Not present | I/IIa completed | NCT03163121 |
ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Recombinant DNA vaccine | Sporozoite surface protein 2 (TRAP) | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | MVA (Booster) | IIb Ia (intravenous) completed | NCT03707353 |
RTS,S | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | AS01 | III/IV completed | NCT03143218 |
RTS,S (Fractional dose) | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | AS01 | II active | NCT03276962 |
R21/Matrix-M | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Matrix-M | IIb/III active | NCT04704830 |
R21/AS01B | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | AS01B | I/IIa | NCT02600975 |
FMP012 (PfCELTOS) | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | Cell-traversal ookinete and sporozoite protein | Inhibits sporozoite traversal through mosquito midgut and salivary gland | GLA-SE/ AS01 | I/IIa completed | NCT01540474 |
PvCS | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | Plasmodium vivax CSP | Blocks hepatocyte infection | Montanide ISA | II active | NCT04739917 |
EP1300 polyepitope | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Vectored | CSP, TRAP, LSA-1, Exported protein 1 (EXP-1) | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | pMB75.6 | I completed | NCT01169077 |
ICC-1132 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Alhydrogel | I completed | NCT00587249 |
PEV3A virosome FP9-MVA ME-TRAP | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Vectored | TRAP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | FP9-MVA | I/IIa completed | NCT00408668 |
PfCS 102 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | Sporozoite protein | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Montanide ISA 720 | I completed | NCT01031524 |
FP9 CS and MVA CS | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Vectored | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | FP9-MVA | I completed | NCT00121771 |
PEV301 and PEV302 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | CSP and AMA1 | Antibodies block hepatocyte or merozoite invasion | Influenza virosome IRIV | Ib completed | NCT00513669 |
PEBS-POC1 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | Synthetic protein containing 131 amino acid | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Aluminium Hydroxide | I/IIa | NCT01605786 |
FMP011 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Subunit | LSA1 | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | AS01B | I/IIa completed | NCT00312663 |
ChAdOx1 LS2 and MVA LS2 | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Vectored | LSA1 and LSAP2 | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Viral vector | I/II completed | NCT03203421 |
DNA Ad | Liver and bloodstage | Vectored | CSP and AMA1 | Antibodies block hepatocyte and merozoite invasion | Adenovirus type 5 (Booster) | I/IIa completed | NCT00870987 |
ChAd63-MVA RH5 | Blood stage | Vectored | Reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | MVA (Booster) | Ia/Ib completed | NCT03435874 |
RH5.1 | Blood stage | Subunit | Reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | AS01 | I/IIa Completed | NCT02927145 |
P27A | Blood stage | Subunit | Pf27 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Alhydrogel / GLA-SE | Ia/Ib completed | NCT01949909 |
ChAd63 MVA PvDBP | Blood stage | Vectored | Duffy binding protein | Inhibits merozoite invasion | MVA (Booster) | II active | NCT04009096 |
PvDBPII | Blood stage | Subunit | Duffy binding protein | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Matrix M1 | I/IIa active | NCT04201431 |
VAC069 | Blood stage | Whole parasitized/iRBC | Blood stage antigens | It inhibits merozoite invasion and may kill infected erythrocytes | Not present | I active | NCT03797989 |
RH5.1 | Blood stage | Subunit | Reticulocyte binding protein homolog 5 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Matrix-M | Ib | NCT04318002 |
MSP3-CRM-Vac4All | Blood stage | Subunit (conjugate protein) | MSP 3 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Alhydrogel | I active | NCT05197751 |
AdCh63 MSP1 and MVA-MSP1 | Blood stage | Vectored | MSP1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Viral vector | I/IIa completed | NCT01003314 |
GMZ2 | Blood stage | Vectored | Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) and MSP3 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Aluminum hydroxide | I | NCT00424944 |
MSP3-LSP | Blood stage | Subunit | MSP3 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Aluminium hydroxide | IIb completed | NCT01341704 |
PAMVAC Placental malaria vaccine | Blood stage | Subunit | VAR2CSA | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Alhydrogel or GLA-LSQ or GLA-SE | I completed | NCT02647489 |
FMP2.1 | Blood stage | Subunit | AMA1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | AS02A | II completed | NCT00460525 |
EBA-175 RII-NG | Blood stage | Subunit | EBA-175 region II | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Aluminium Phosphate | I completed | NCT00347555 |
AMA1-C1 | Blood stage | Subunit | AMA1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Alhydrogel + CpG 7909 | I completed | NCT00344539 |
ChAd63 RH5 | Blood stage | Vectored | RH5 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | MVA RH5 (Booster) | Ia | NCT02181088 |
FMP2.1 | Blood stage | Subunit | Merozoite protein AMA1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | AS01B | I/IIa completed | NCT02044198 |
FMP1 | Blood stage | Subunit | MSP1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | AS02A | II completed | NCT00223990 |
AMA1-DiCo | Blood stage | Subunit | AMA | Inhibits merozoite invasion | GLA-SE/Alhydrogel | I completed | NCT02014727 |
MSP1(42)FVO and MSP1(42)3D7 | Blood stage | Subunit | MSP142 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | Alhydrogel | I completed | NCT00340431 |
MSP1 | Blood stage | Subunit | MSP1 | Inhibits merozoite invasion | AS02A | I completed | NCT00317473 |
R0.6C | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs48/45 | Generated antibodies block transmission activity | Matrix M/ Alhydrogel | I active | NCT04862416 |
Pfs25-IMX313 | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs25 | Generated antibodies block transmission activity | Matrix M | I active | NCT04271306 |
Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs25 | Generated antibodies block transmission activity | Alhydrogel | Ia completed | NCT02013687 |
ChAd63-MVA Pfs25-IMX313 | Sexual stage | Vectored | Pfs25 | Generated antibodies block transmission activity | MVA (booster) | Ia completed | NCT02532049 |
Pfs25-EPA | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs25 kDa ookinete protein | Generated antibodies block transmission to the mosquito | Alhydrogel/AS01 | I completed | NCT01867463 |
Pfs230D1M-EPA | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs230 gametocyte protein | Transmission blocking activity. It may inhibit gametes fusion | Alhydrogel/AS01 | II active | NCT03917654 |
Pfs25M-EPA + Pfs230D1M-EPA | Sexual stage | Subunit | Pfs25 and Pfs230 | Transmission-blocking activity may inhibit gametes fusion | AS01 | I completed | NCT02942277 |
PpPfs25 (P. falciparum) and ScPvs25 (P. vivax) | Sexual | Subunit | Pfs25 | Generated antibodies block transmission activity | Montanide ISA51 | I completed | NCT00295581 |
FP9 PP and MVA PP | Pre-erythrocyte | Vectored | Polyprotein | Â | Viral vectors | I completed | NCT00374998 |
CS DNA MVA | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Vectored | CSP | Antibodies block hepatocyte invasion | Viral vector | Withdrawn | NCT00377494 |
p52-p36-GAP | Pre-erythrocyte/liver-stage | Whole parasite | Sporozoite proteins | Abs block hepatocyte invasion or may kill infected hepatocytes | Viral vector | I/IIa terminated | NCT01024686 |