Digital PCR: modern solution to parasite diagnostics and population trait genetics

Parasites & Vectors

Table 1 ddPCR applications in parasitology, sorted by assay type

Parasite	Sample	Target	Assay	Detection	Purpose	Refs.
Cooperia, Ostertagia	L3	ITS2	Discrimination	FAM/HEX	PD	[41]
Haemonchus contortus	L3	β-tubulin (F200Y)	Discrimination	FAM/HEX	AR	[38,39,40]
Ascaridia and Heterakis	Eggs in faeces	ITS2	Duplex	FAM/HEX	PD	[29]
Eimeria spp.	Oocysts	cox3	Duplex	FAM/HEX	PD	[30]
Haemonchus contortus	L3	acr-8	Duplex	FAM/HEX	PD	[35]
Haemonchus contortus	L3	dyf-7	Duplex	FAM/HEX	AR	[37]
Haemonchus, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylys	L3	ITS2	Duplex	FAM/HEX	PD	[24,25,26,27,28]
Plasmodium falciparum	Blood	hrp2, hrp3 tRNA	Duplex	FAM/HEX	PD	[31]
Plasmodium spp.	Blood	18S RNA	Duplex	FAM/VIC		[32]
Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Theileria	Blood, vectors	ITS	Duplex, multiplex	CY5.5	PD	[33]
Plasmodium falciparum	Mosquitos	mdr1, plasmepsin2, ghc1, β-tubulin	Duplex, multiplex	FAM/HEX	PD, IR	[36]
Chilodonella hexasticha	Water	SSU-rDNA	eDNA		PD	[42]
Gyrodactylis salaris	Water	ITS2, cytb	eDNA, duplex		PD	[43]
Fasciola	Water		eDNA, duplex		PD	[46]
Taenia solium	Soil	cox1	eDNA, uniplex	FAM	PD	[44, 45]
Cytauxzoon felis	Blood	cox3	Uniplex	Probe*	PD	[23]
Dirofilaria immitis	Microfilariae, blood	nhr-7, nhr-6	Uniplex	EvaGreen	Other	[34]
Echinococcus multilocularis	Liver	cob	Uniplex	Probe*	PD	[20]
Haemosporidians	Blood	rRNA	Uniplex	EvaGreen	PD	[22]
Schistosoma japonicum	Sample	nad1	Uniplex	EvaGreen	PD	[19]
Toxoplasma gondii	Diaphragm	Toxo-529 repeat	Uniplex		PD	[21]
Trichuris spp.	Worms	ITS1	Uniplex	Probe*	PD	[18]

AR anthelmintic resistance, cytb cytochrome b, IR insecticidal resistance, PD parasite detection, Probe* fluorophore not mentioned, SSU small subunit, cox cytochrome c oxidase genes, cob cythochrome b genes, mdr multidrug resistant mutation genes, nhr Nuclear hormone receptor genes

ISSN: 1756-3305