External female genitalia of Triatoma jatai, Triatoma costalimai and Triatoma williami (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)

Background Taxonomic identification of triatomines is generally performed based on aspects of their external morphology. However, the use of a multidisciplinary approach, considering morphological aspects of the external genitalia, morphometry, genetics, and phylogeography has been suggested, especially for similar and/or cryptic species. The rupestral species Triatoma jatai Gonçalves et al., 2013, Triatoma costalimai Verano & Galvão, 1959 and Triatoma williami Galvão et al., 1965, which are morphologically similar, have been found naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in wild, peridomestic, and intradomestic environments, representing a risk of new outbreaks of Chagas disease. This study presents morphological description complementation of these species, with an emphasis on the structures of the female external genitalia, using scanning electron microscopy. Methods The females of T. jatai and T. costalimai (n = 10 of each) were captured in the Brazilian municipalities of Paranã and Aurora do Tocantins and were identified with the use of a dichotomous key for the Matogrossensis subcomplex. Females of T. williami (n = 5), were obtained from a laboratory colony. The females were cut transversely at the sixth abdominal segment and examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz Institute Electronic Microscopy Platform. Results It was possible to differentiate the three species based on the characteristics of urotergites VII, VIII and IX and urosternite VII, as well as the genital plaques, gonocoxites, and gonapophyses. To our knowledge, morphological differences in the spines present on gonapophysis 8 in triatomines are described here for the first time. Conclusions The results show that external genitalia of females are useful structures to differentiate T. costalimai, T. jatai and T. williami. SEM analysis contributes to and corroborates, together with other tools morphological and molecular, the distinction of the three species.


Open Access
Parasites & Vectors *Correspondence: scteves@ioc.fiocruz.br 1 Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz -Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

Background
Triatomines are insect vectors of the Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the causative agent of Chagas disease. It is estimated that about 6-8 million people are infected with T. cruzi worldwide, with the highest number of cases in Latin America [1]. According to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, there are approximately 12 million people with chronic Chagas disease in the Americas, with 2-3 million in Brazil [2]. The highest number of acute cases of the disease in Brazil from 2000 to 2017 was recorded in the northern region, where two of the species analyzed in this study, Triatoma jatai Gonçalves et al., 2013 and Triatoma costalimai Verano & Galvão, 1959 are found. In this region, Chagas outbreaks from oral transmission highlight the importance of entomological surveillance.
Morphological studies generate important data that can be used in multidisciplinary approaches that answer questions about limits applicable to species, especially cryptic species or species with very similar morphology. The identification of triatomines is based on morphological characteristics [3,4]. In the 1960s, a comparative analysis of the morphology of the external genitalia of both sexes by optical microscopy started to be used as an additional tool in the taxonomy of triatomines. However, the taxonomic value of the female genitalia morphology was questioned because it does not allow species identification in detail [5]. Since 2010, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used for morphological characterization of the female genitalia of several triatomine species, proving to be an important complementary methodology for determining the taxonomy of the group [6]. The rupestrian species T. jatai and T. costalimai are distributed in the Cerrado biome, found in sympatry in the municipality of Paranã, Tocantins, Brazil, and show close similarities in terms of their external morphology and classical and geometric morphometrics [7]. Some studies also support the close genetic affinities between these two species [8,9]. The description of T. jatai was made from specimens collected in the wild environment. Even though this species has been captured in an intradomestic environment, its vectorial capacity is still unknown and there is no record of natural infections with T. cruzi [10]. Triatoma costalimai, has a geographical distribution that covers the Brazilian states of Goiás, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, and Bahia, and has also been reported in Bolivia [4,11]. This species has been found in wild, peridomestic and intradomestic environments, in some cases with a high prevalence of infection with T. cruzi [4,10,12,13]. The rupestrian species T. williami Galvão, Souza & Lima, 1965, which is morphologically similar to T. costalimai, is found in the Cerrado Biome and Pantanal, in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso [4]. The first record of a triatomine of this species with natural infection by T. cruzi was from Mato Grosso, from specimens captured in an intradomestic environment [14]. The three mentioned species, whose morphology of the female genitalia has not been studied so far, were included in Matogrossensis subcomplex [7,15]. The present examined the external genitalia of T. jatai, T. costalimai and T. williami using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the aim to provide complementary data to the morphological characterization of these three species that could be useful for identification as well as to further integrative studies to allow a better species delimitation within the Matogrossensis subcomplex. Additionally, the fine morphological characterization of the female genitalia could be a source of putative new characters to be used in future phylogenetic studies to allow a better comprehension of the evolutionary history of this group of vectors.

Methods
Specimens were captured by a team of the Interdisciplinary Entomological Surveillance Laboratory in Diptera and Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Brazil, in the Brazilian municipalities of Paranã and Aurora do Tocantins, Tocantins, by active and passive search using animal bait traps [16] in 2011 (SISBIO License 43393). The specimens were identified using a dichotomous key for the Matogrossensis subcomplex [7] and kept at −20 °C in the laboratory, until now. Specimens of T. williami, which have a morphology close to that of T. costalimai [3], were provided by the National and International Reference Laboratory in Triatomine Taxonomy (LNIRTT/ IOC-Fiocruz). A total of 25 females of T. jatai (n = 10), T. costalimai (n = 10), and T. williami (n = 5) were analyzed. The triatomines were sectioned with a scalpel in the transverse direction at the height of the sixth abdominal segment. The terminal portion of the abdomen was washed, dehydrated in an alcohol solution by immersion for 10 min at a series of concentrations (7.5%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and three times at 100%). The structures were mounted on a metallic support on double-sided adhesive tape in the ventral or dorsal positions, forming a 90° angle with the base of the support. Samples were then left in an oven (Lufeco, Germany) at 50 °C for drying for 24 h and in a desiccator containing silica gel until metallization [17]. Subsequently, they were metallized with gold and examined under a JSM 6390 LV (JEOL USA Inc., Peabody, MA, USA) scanning electron microscope at the Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ Institute Electronic Microscopy Platform.

Results
Observation of the external genitalia of T. jatai females in dorsal view showed that the posterior edge of urotergite VII has a W-shape, with a 1 + 1 lateral depressions rising in the median region; the posterior edge of urotergite VIII is rectilinear, decaying laterally, and ending at half of the suture of the rounded apex connective; urotergite IX is trapezoidal, with bulging lateral walls and covered by thick, short, sparse setae that end near the anal tube (Fig. 1a).
Triatoma costalimai has a non-rectilinear posterior edge of urotergite VII, ending near the suture of the connective; the posterior edge of urotergite VIII is convex and ends at half of the suture of the connective with pointed apex; and urotergite IX is trapezoidal, with straight lateral walls and a 1 + 1 apical recesses near the anal tube, covered with thick, long setae (Fig. 1b).
In T. williami, the posterior edge of urotergite VII is rectilinear at the median region rising at the lateral margins towards the connexival suture; the posterior edge of urotergite VIII is rectilinear ending at the median line of the connexival suture; and urotergite IX is trapezoidal, with bulging lateral walls, presenting a 1 + 1 sharp depressions close to the anal tube, covered by short thick setae (Fig. 1c).
In T. jatai, ventrally, the line of the posterior edge of urosternite VIII is prominent in the median region, and the gonocoxites of the 8th segment (Gc8) are long and wide (Fig. 1d). In T. costalimai, the posterior edge line of urosternite VII is convex and Gc8 is long and narrow (Fig. 1e). In T. williami, the posterior edge of urosternite VII has the same shape as in T. jatai, but is not prominent. Gc8 is triangular and close to the median line of urosternite VII (Fig. 1f ). In the median region of gonapophysis 8 (Gp8) and at the base of T. jatai Gc8, short spines were found on the apex with single, bifurcated, and trifurcated points (Fig. 1g). Similar spines were observed only in the median region of T. costalimai Gp8 (Fig. 1h). In T. williami, only short single-pointed apex spines were observed in the median region of Gp8 (Fig. 1i).
A summary of main morphological characteristics of the external female genitalia of T. jatai, T. costalimai and T. williami in dorsal and ventral view are show in Table 1.

Discussion
We conducted an exhaustive morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy on the external female genitalia of T. jatai, T. costalimai and T. williami. Although the characterization of the external genitalia of females whose taxonomic value of optical microscopy was questioned [5], the results showed that scanning electronic microscopy is an efficient tool for differentiating T. jatai, T. costalimai and T. williami. Intraspecific polymorphism was not observed; however, the   (Fig. 1a) Rectilinear, decaying laterally, ending at half of the suture of the rounded apex connective (Fig. 1a) Trapezoidal, with bulging lateral walls covered by thick, short, sparse setae that end near the anal tube (Fig. 1a) Prominent in the median region (Fig. 1d) Long and wide (Fig. 1d) Short spines on the apex and at the base with single, bifurcated, and trifurcated points (Fig. 1g) T. costalimai Non-rectilinear posterior edge, ending near the suture of the connective (Fig. 1b) Convex and ends at half of the suture of the connective with poingted apex (Fig. 1b) Trapezoidal, with straight lateral walls, 1 + 1 apical recesses near the anal tube, covered with thick, long setae (Fig. 1b) Convex (Fig. 1e) Long and narrow (Fig. 1e) Short spines on the apex with single, bifurcated, and trifurcated points (Fig. 1h) T. williami Rectilinear at the median region rising at the lateral margins towards the connexival suture (Fig. 1c) Rectilinear ending at the median line of the connexival suture (Fig. 1c) Trapezoidal, with bulging lateral walls, presenting a 1 + 1 sharp depressions close to the anal tube, covered by short, thick setae (Fig. 1c) Not prominent (Fig. 1f ) Triangular and close to the median line of urosternite VII (Fig. 1f ) Short single-pointed apex spines (Fig. 1i) interspecific polymorphism is more expressed in urotergites and urosternites. The genital plates that allow the coupling of the genitalia show a difference in morphology, however, allow to speculate the possibility of crossing between T. jatai and T. costalimai, since they live in sympatry in the municipality of Paranã. Research along this line are being carried out in our laboratory to assess the possibility of crossbreeding and the formation of hybrids. This result will allow to associate the morphological aspect with the biology of reproduction. These results reinforce the differentiation of species and complement the multidisciplinary approach of using external morphology, classical and geometric morphometrics, and phylogenetic analyses, which led to the confirmation of the specific status of T. jatai [7][8][9]. Comparative morphology studies of triatomines, including similar species of the genera Rhodnius, Triatoma, Panstrongylus and Meccus [6,[18][19][20][21][22][23] have demonstrated the importance of this methodology as a complementary approach in relation to the method for identification of triatomines [3]. This approach was also used for cryptic species that are part of the Brasiliensis complex allowing differentiation between them [24]. The presence of single-pointed, bifurcated, and trifurcated spines in the median region of gonapophysis 8 in the three species studied, and at the base of gonocoxite 8 in T. jatai, shows the importance of the morphological details detectable by using SEM. These spines are present in the internal genitalia of Rhodnius neglectus (Lent, 1954), and also in the copulatory pouch, indicating that they may assist with spermatophore compression and sperm release [25]. However, the functions of these spines in copulation or ovulation have not been clarified. In a recent molecular phylogeny study [26], a reorganization of Triatoma groupings was suggested and left the classification of the sister species T. jatai and T. costalimai as undefined. However, they were included in the T. pseudomaculata species group, where T. williami is also found. Although both species occur in the Cerrado Biome, the difference in phytogeography and climate profile between the municipalities of Paranã and Aurora do Tocantins may be possible factors related to a recent process of speciation. In phenotypic terms, a difference has already been expressed in the morphology of the male genitalia [5] and now also for the female genitalia.
A high rate of natural infection of T. costalimai by T. cruzi in peridomestic and intradomestic environments has been reported [8,10,11]. Expanding understanding of the characteristics that differentiate related species is important for a more accurate diagnosis, and can facilitate entomological surveillance and control of vector transmission of Chagas disease, especially in municipalities in the south and southeast Tocantins region such as Paranã and Aurora do Tocantins.

Conclusions
It was possible to differentiate the three species based on the characteristics of urotergites VII, VIII and IX and urosternite VII, as well as the genital plaques, gonocoxites, and gonapophyses.
The results contribute to and corroborate, together with other morphological and molecular studies, the differentiation of T. jatai, T. costalimai and T. williami, as well as the taxonomy of these species. It may also help to evaluate the reproductive compatibility between T. jatai and T. costalimai and the possible formation of hybrids under artificial conditions. These analyses are underway in order to fully contemplate all definitions of biological species. de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Ciudad