From: Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook
Satellite sensor | Environmental variable | Sensor combination | Geographic area | Temporal coverage | Reference data | Reference(s) * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snail | Human infection | ||||||
NOAA-AVHRR spatial resolution: 1.1Â km | Diurnal temperature difference NDVI | Landsat | Egypt | Monthly time series 1990-1991 | Snail occurrence, infection rate (water survey 1Â km distance to population survey) | Survey prevalence (rural health units) | [80] |
 | LST, NDVI | SRTM | Tanzania | Monthly time series 1985-1998 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [81] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Ethiopia – East Africa | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996 |  | Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer | [82] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Ethiopia | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1996 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (town/village) – 5 km buffer | [83] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Cameroon | 1985-1998 |  | Survey prevalence (district – stratified at school level) | [84] |
 | LST, NDVI | Landsat GTOPO30 | Uganda | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [85] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 1992-1995 | Snail occurrence | CEGET/WHO atlas – 5 km buffer | [86] |
 | Land cover | MODIS, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1992/1993 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
 | LST, NDVI | GTOPO30 | Tanzania | 1982-1998 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [89] |
 | LST, NDVI | GTOPO30 | East Africa | 1982-2000 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [90] |
 | Land cover | GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | 1992/1993 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [91] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [92] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Nigeria | 2001-2002 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [93] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Zambia | 1992-1995 | Snail occurrence, cercarial shedding | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [94] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | East Africa | 1982-2000 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [95] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Tanzania | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [96] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Burkina Faso, Mali | 1982-1998 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [97] |
 | NDVI |  | Sudan | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (village) | [98] |
 | LST, NDVI | SRTM | Sierra Leone | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Ghana | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [101] |
MODIS spatial resolution: 1 km, 500 m, 250 m | LST, NDVI | NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | Monthly time series January + November 2002 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (school) | [102] |
 | LST, NDVI |  | Uganda | Annual + seasonal composites 2000-2003 | Snail occurrence | Survey prevalence (school) | [103] |
 | LST, NDVI, Land cover | GTOPO30 | West Africa | 2000-2008 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [104] |
 | LST, NDVI Land cover | GTOPO30 | East Africa | 2000-2009 |  | Survey prevalence (school/community) | |
 | LST, NDVI | METEOSAT, SRTM | Côte d’Ivoire | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [107] |
Landsat TM/ETM + spatial resolution: 30 m, 60 m | Spectral bands: (blue(1), red(3), mir(5), thermal(6)) NDVI Tasseled cap: brightness, greenness, wetness | NOAA-AVHRR | Egypt | May 1990 | Number, distribution, infection rate | Survey prevalence (rural health units) | [80] |
 | Water body map | NOAA-AVHRR, GTOPO30 | Uganda | March 2000 |  | Survey prevalence, infection intensity (school/village) | [85] |
 | Settlements, roads, rivers | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | January + November 2002 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
 | NDMSI (normalized difference moisture stress index) | Ikonos, SRTM | Kenya | June 1986 + January 2003 | Snail/shell occurrence |  | [51] |
á…Ÿ | |||||||
Ikonos spatial resolution: 1Â m | Land cover | Landsat, SRTM | Kenya | March | Snail/shell occurrence | Â | |
METEOSAT spatial resolution: 8 km | Rainfall estimates | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, Landsat, GTOPO30 | Côte d’Ivoire | September 2001–August 2002 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
Rainfall estimates | MODIS, SRTM | Côte d’Ivoire | Not indicated |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [107] | |
SRTM spatial resolution: 90Â m | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Tanzania | February 2000 | Â | Survey prevalence (school) | [81] |
 | Altitude, slope, stream order, catchment |  | Côte d’Ivoire | February 2000 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | |
 | Altitude, slope, drainage network | Landsat, Ikonos | Kenya | February 2000 | Snail/shell occurrence |  | [51] |
 | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Sierra Leone | February 2000 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [99] |
GTOPO30 spatial resolution: 30Â sec (ca. 1Â km) | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR, Landsat | Uganda | 1994-1997 | Â | Survey prevalence, Infection intensity (school/village) | [85] |
 | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, METEOSAT, Landsat | Côte d’Ivoire | 1994-1997 |  |  | |
 | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | Tanzania | 1994-1997 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [89] |
 | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | East Africa | 1994-1997 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [90] |
 | Altitude | NOAA-AVHRR | East Africa | 1994-1997 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [91] |
 | Altitude | MODIS | Côte d’Ivoire | 1994-1997 |  | Survey prevalence (school) | [104] |
 | Altitude | MODIS | East Africa | 1994-1997 |  | Survey prevalence (school/community) | [106] |