Fig. 2 a–i

Photomicrographs of the renal sections. a Normal renal histological architecture. b–g Sections from the positive control group that show severe renal congestion (red arrow), thick-walled vessels (black arrow) (b), tubular casts (red arrows), vacuolar and hydropic degeneration of tubular cells (black arrowhead), tubular hemorrhage (black arrow) (c), moderate to severe peritubular inflammation (d), and bright greenish-yellow fluorescence at the sites of immune complex deposition (f, g). e Negative control slide that was not treated with serum during the immunofluorescence staining procedure. h A renal section from the IVM-treated group, showing mild congestion with a few inflammatory peritubular infiltrates. i Renal sections from the FLR-treated group, showing normal renal histological architecture. a–d, h, i H&E; e–g immunofluorescence anti-immunoglobulin G. For abbreviations, see Fig. 1