Fig. 1

Effect of tylosin treatment on host cell viability and Toxoplasma gondii growth in vitro. a HFF cells were treated with tylosin at concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 μM for 48 h, and the IC₅₀ value was obtained by CCK8 assays. b Inhibition of T. gondii type I parasites (RH-GFP) after tylosin treatment. The EC₅₀ was determined. c Effects of tylosin (50 μM) on the activity of extracellular T. gondii RH tachyzoites. The P values by two-way ANOVA are indicated; ****P < 0.001. d Inhibitory effects of tylosin (50 μM) on the intracellular parasite (RH strain) replication. Samples in the control group (Ctrl) were collected at 2 h post infection, and other groups were collected at 48 h or 72 h post infection. The P values by one-way ANOVA are indicated; *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.005. e Inhibitory effects of tylosin on parasite infection. RH -infected HFFs were treated with tylosin (50 μM) or 0.1% DMSO (vehicle) for 48 h. The cells were stained with DAPI and mouse anti-IMC8 antibody. Representative immunofluorescence images of parasites treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) and tylosin are shown. Shown are the average values and standard deviations from one experiment representative of three independent experiments. The P values by Student’s t-test are indicated; *P < 0.05