Fig. 8

Comparative discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) across multiple populations. A The scatter plot illustrates genetic differentiation among populations along the first two principal axes (axes 1 and 2). Each population is represented by a unique color and is plotted based on its discriminant scores, which reflect the genetic distances and relationships between populations. The connected lines suggest a genetic trajectory or gradient among some of the populations. B Genetic variance among populations along the first and third principal axes (axes 1 and 3), offering a different perspective of genetic differentiation that might capture variance not evident in A. In both panels, the inset bar plots display the eigenvalues associated with each discriminant axis, indicating the proportion of genetic variance captured by each axis. Larger eigenvalues correspond to axes that explain a greater amount of genetic differentiation among populations. C and D Biplot of the principal components derived from a DAPC, highlighting the genetic differentiation among populations. Each point represents the genetic profile of a population, plotted according to its scores on the discriminant functions. The scatter plot's axes are scaled to the eigenvalues of the discriminant functions, as shown in the inset bar graph, which represents the relative contribution of each function to the total genetic variance observed