Fig. 1
From: Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection
Main immune-related compartments of mosquitoes. The small blue arrows indicate the general circulation pattern of the pathogens in mosquito after the mosquito feeds on blood infected with the pathogen. Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, Plasmodium, etc. The pathogen enters the infected blood, partly develops in the intestinal epithelium, partly excretes from the intestines, and is passively transported through the mosquito's circulatory system as it crosses the haemocoel to reach the salivary glands. The large black arrows indicate the four main immune compartments, including the midgut [represented by midgut epithelial cells; containing the midgut infection barrier (MIB) and the midgut escape barrier (MEB)], salivary glands [containing the salivary gland infection barrier (SGIB) and the salivary gland escape barrier (SGEB)], haemocoel (represented by haemocytes), and fat body (represented by trophocytes and oenocytes)