Table 1 Studies on mosquito immune signalling pathways

Toll pathways

Anopheles gambiae

Plasmodium berghei

Toll, Rel1, Cactus, LRIM1, Tep1

[87]

Aedes aegypti

Plasmodium gallinaceum, fungi, DENV, SINV, WNV

RUNX4, AaREL1, Spz1A, Serpin-27A, AMPs, Dif, Späetzle 5

[88,89,90,91,92, 94, 95, 97]

IMD pathways

Anopheles gambiae

Bacterium, Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum

Caspar, Rel2, AMP, cecropin 1, TEP1, APL1, LRIM1

[98,99,100]

Anopheles stephensi

Plasmodium falciparum

Rel2

[99, 102]

Anopheles albimanus

Plasmodium falciparum

Rel2

[99]

Aedes aegypti

DENV, SINV

Caspar, Rel2

[12, 92, 103, 105]

Aedes albopictus U4.4 cell

SFV

–

[104]

JAK-STAT pathways

Anopheles gambiae

Bacterium

STAT-A, STAT-B

[106]

Aedes aegypti

DENV

STAT, Dome, Hop, PIAS

[107]

Anopheles aquasalis

Plasmodium vivax

STAT, PIAS

[108]

siRNA pathways

Anopheles gambiae 4a-2s4 cell

FHV, NoV

Ago2

[116]

Aedes aegypti

YFV, DENV2, SINV

Dicer2, R2D2, Ago2

[117,118,119]

Anopheles gambiae

ONNV

Ago2

[121]

miRNA pathways

Anopheles gambiae

Plasmodium falciparum

aga-miR-305

[124]

Aedes aegypti

ZIKV, DENV

–

[125, 126]

Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell

WNV

KUN-miR-1, GATA4

[129]

Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell

DENV, WNV

DENV-vsRNA-5, Aae-miR-2940-5p, aal-miR-4728-5p, miR-1767, miR-276-3p, miR-4448, KUN-miR-1, GATA4

[127,128,129,130, 132]

Aedes albopictus

DENV2

miR-252

[131]

piRNA pathways

Aedes aegypti

CHIKV

vpiRNA

[137]

Aedes albopictus

CHIKV

vpiRNA

[137]

Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell

SINV, SFV

Piwi5, Ago3, vpiRNA, Piwi4

[135, 139, 141]