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Fig. 4 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 4

From: Anopheles gambiae larvae’s ability to grow and emerge in water containing lethal concentrations of clothianidin, acetamiprid, or imidacloprid is consistent with cross-resistance to neonicotinoids

Fig. 4

Sublethal effects of three neonicotinoid insecticides on life table parameters in Anopheles larvae. Larvae that survived 24-h lethal toxicity were monitored for 7 days under standard laboratory conditions while measuring the rate of transformation of third instars (L3) into fourth instars (L4) (A), pupation rate (B), and emergence rate (C). Controls were larvae reared in water without insecticide. Vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean. Double diamonds: Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.05) indicates a significant difference between An. gambiae (Nkolondom) and An. gambiae (Nkolnkoumou), and between An. gambiae (Nkolondom) and An. coluzzii (Etoa Meki). Single diamond: Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.05) indicates a significant difference between An. gambiae (Nkolondom) and An. coluzzii (Etoa Meki)

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Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

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