Pathogen | Probiotics strain | Host | Dose/route | Mechanisms | Anti-schistosomal effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. mansoni | Zymomonas mobilis | C57B1/10 male mice | Oral administration of 109Â CFU/ml, at a dose of 0.3Â ml/day | Provoked a secondary immune response | Resulted in 61% protection | [95] |
S. mansoni | Probiotic yogurt (containing probiotic strains of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum , and Lactobacillus reutrie strains) | Female Swiss albino mice | 106 CFU each mixed with feed | Significant stimulation of IgM response against SWAP before and after infection | Increased IgM; decreased activity of AST, LDH, and γGT | [91] |
S. mansoni | Probiotic labneh containing Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and DVS-ABT2 | Female Swiss albino mice | Fed probiotic labneh and garlic and onions for 21 days before and 45 days after infection | Improved intestinal balance | 50–66% reduction in worm burden; 70% and 56.44% egg count reduction in liver and intestine, respectively | [89] |
S. mansoni | Lactobacillus sporogenes | Male albino CD-1 mice | Oral administration of 12.5 million spores/mouse/week for 8Â weeks | Decreased cytokine-induced chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage | Significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations | [94] |
S. mansoni | Lactobacillus sporogenes | Male albino CD-1 mice | Oral administration of 12.5 million spores/mouse/week for 8Â weeks from the first day of infection | Reduced DNA damage, ameliorated hepatic and intestinal damage | Reduced worm and egg count | [88] |
S. mansoni | Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20080 | Male CD-1 Swiss albino mice | Mixed at a ratio of 108:108 CFU/g, 100 μl/mouse through oral gavage tubes | Decreased transaminase levels in serum, reduced oxidative stress, and exhibited antioxidant properties | Revealed significant anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects, and decreased the granuloma formation in hepatic tissue | [93] |
S. japonicum | Bacillus subtilis CMCC(B) 63501 | Male pathogen-free BALB/c mice | Oral administration of 0.3Â ml/mouse/3Â days for 6Â weeks | Alleviated intestinal injury by modulating gene expression profiles | Attenuated intestinal and liver pathological injury | [87] |
S. mansoni | Bacillus clausii | Swiss Webster female mice | Daily by gavage in a single dose of 2 × 109 CFU in 300 μl of sterile saline solution | Stimulated non-specific host immune resistance to pathogens | Reduced total worm load and female worms | [92] |
S. japonicum | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Female pathogen-free BALB/c mice | Each mouse given a 0.3-ml suspension of B. amyloliquefaciens every 3Â days | Reshaped the intestinal microenvironment of infected mice by modulating the relative abundance of potentially beneficial and harmful bacteria as well as the network of interactive relationships of the intestinal microbiome | Alleviated the pathological reaction | [86] |
S. mansoni | Bacillus cereus GM | Female Swiss Webster mice | 105 spores in 300 μl of sterile saline solution/mouse/day | Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6) remained elevated, and were significantly involved in the reduction of the parasitic burden of S. mansoni | Reduced the number of worms and eggs in the liver tissue and the volume of granulomas, and improved the levels of some liver markers | [90] |