Table 1 Vector-borne pathogens affecting dogs in Italy.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (?)

C, Sardinia [16, 82–84]

Anaplasma platys

R. sanguineus (?)

C, S [15, 48, 85, 86]

Babesia canis

Dermacentor reticulatus (?), R. sanguineus (?)

C, N [14, 54]

Babesia vogeli

R. sanguineus, I. ricinus (?)

C, S, N [54]

Babesia gibsoni

R. sanguineus (?)

S [52, 87]

Bartonella henselae

R. sanguineus (?)

Sardinia [88]

Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii

R. sanguineus (?)

S [17]

Borrelia burgdorferi

I. ricinus

C, N, S [20, 21, 22, 24]

Dirofilaria immitis

Anopheles maculipennis, Aedes albopictus, A. cinereus, A. geniculatus, A. detritus, A. punctor, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex modestus, C. pipiens, C. torrentium

C, N, S [33]

Dirofilaria repens

A. albopictus, A. maculipennis, C. pipiens

C, N, S [33]

Acanthocheilonema grassii

R. sanguineus

S [89]

Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

R. sanguineus

S [90]

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

R. sanguineus

S [59]

Dipylidium caninum

Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis

C, N, S [91]

Ehrlichia canis

R. sanguineus

C, N, S, Sardinia [48–50]

Hepatozoon canis

R. sanguineus

C, N, S [14, 92]

Leishmania infantum

Phlebotomus ariasi, P. neglectus, P. perniciosus, P. perfiliewi, P. tobbi (?)

C, N, S [33]

Rickettsia conorii

R. sanguineus

S [51, 93]

Thelazia callipaeda

Phortica variegata

S, N [38, 61]