Figure 4

Adaptive T-cell immune response induced by TLRS. Mammalian toll-like receptors are expressed on all kinds of immune cells, including dendritic cells and monocytes. Activation of toll-like receptors induces signaling pathways that activate the transcription factor NF-B, leading to the transcription of genes that modulate and mediate immune responses. Activation of these pathways results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which affects the adaptive T-cell immune response.