Table 1 Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Carnivora and Canidae

Experimental infections

1946

Wolf puppies i.c.

Paresis, convulsions, encephalitis, death

Virus isolation

[70]

High Ab-titers

1956

Adult foxes i.c.

No clinic

n.d.

[71]

n.d.

1958

Fox puppies

Fever

viremia

[72]

High Ab-titers

1959

Dog i.n.

encephalitis

n.d.

[73]

n.d.

1969

Foxes, badgers, weasels via Ixodes ricinus

Meningencephalitis (foxes)

yes

[74]

n.d.

1972

Dog puppies s.c. and via Haemaphysalis inermis and Dermacentor marginatus ticks

No clinic in puppies infected via tick, weakness in extremities in s.c. infected puppies

Low level viremia found irregularly

[55]

Yes

Natural infections

1960

n.d.

Encephalitis

n.d.

[75] Sweden

Yes (first documented clinical case of TBE in a dog)

1970

1 Landseer (4.5 years old)

Aggressiveness, fever, tremor paresis, meningitis, seizures, cramp of front legs

Yes (first isolate form a dog after natural infection)

[56, 76] Switzerland

n.d.

1993

5 dogs (2 Rottweiler, 1 Greyhound, 1 Husky, 1 Golden Retriever)

Ataxia, tetraparesis, fever, seizures of grand male-type

n.d.

[60] Switzerland

IgM in CSF in 2 dogs. All were euthanized and diagnoses were confirmed by IHC

1994-1997

3 Husky, 1 Terrier-mix, 1 Rottweiler, 1 Irish setter, 1 Bastard, 1 Pekingese

Convulsion, tremor, ataxia, hyperesthesia, hemi-/tetraplegia, recumbency, opisthotonus, seizures, anisocoria, miosis, nystagmus

n.d.

[63] Austria

Immunohistology in brain tissue positive in 5 dogs, but pathohistological changes were similar in the remaining three dogs

1998

1 Rottweiler (4 years old), 1 Newfoundland dog (6 years old)

Fever, hyperaesthesia, seizures opistotonus, facialparesis, strabismus, sensoric loss (head)

n.d.

[58] Germany

Yes (both dogs)

2001

1 (Riesenschnauzer, 2.5 years old)

Fever, aggressiveness, ataxia, shivering

n.d.

[77] Sweden

Yes

2002

1 dog

Fever, ataxia, shivering, agressivness, quadriplegia

n.d.

[77] Sweden

Yes

2006

1 dog

Ataxia, tremor, sensoric loss

n.d.

[78] Sweden

Yes

2007

2 dogs

Fever, ataxia, tremor, pain, head shaking. Both fully recovered after 1 year

n.d.

[79] Sweden

Yes

2009

1 mix-breed (12 years old)

Polypneu, ataxia, weakness, diffuse pain (euthanized)

n.d.

[80] Italy

n.d. (PCR and IHC of brain tissue positive)

Serosurveillance studies

1988-1991

255

No clinic

n.d.

[81] Sweden

18 seropositive

1993-1998

About 1.000 dogs

No clinic relating to CNS symptoms

n.d.

[64] Germany

Between < 2% (northern states) and 31% (Bodensee area)

1994 & 1995

10 sentinel dogs each year (Ixodes ovatus)

No clinic

3 virus isolates, Far-Eastern subtype

[50] Japan

Japan, high Ab-titers upon seroconversion

1997-1998

151 dogs

In three Rottweiler dogs with meningoencephalitis or encephalitis

n.d.

[59] Czech Republic

5 seropositive (3.3%)

1999

552 dogs

Clinical signs in 57 of the seropositive dogs

n.d.

[66] Austria

133 seropositive (24.1%, ELISA); 110 confirmed by NT (19.9%)

1998-2003

317 dogs

Not observed

n.d.

[82] Southern Norway

52 seropositive (16.4%)

2002

54 healthy & 56 dogs with neurological symptoms

Neurological symptoms not further specified

n.d.

[83] Germany

17/54 seropositive; 30/56 seropositive

2005-2006

125 dogs

Not observed

n.d.

[39] Denmark

30% ELISA-, 4.8% NT-antibodies

2009

960 dogs

Not observed

n.d.

[84] Belgium ^d

1 seropositive (0.1%) ^d