Table 2 Larvicidal activity of essential oil from Indian borage against a laboratory colony and wild population of African malarial vector mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae s.s. after 12 and 24 hours 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure period respectively

Laboratory colony (An. gambiae s.s)

3.125

After 12 Hours

0±0.0

98.56 (76.55 – 158.18)

147.40 (112.35 – 276.75)

25.52

6.25

0±0.0

12.5

0±0.0

25

0±0.0

50

26±1.30

100

55±1.58

3.125

After 24 Hours

3±0.89

55.20 (35.26 – 96.69)

99.09 (70.65 – 203.33)

49.36

6.25

5±0.70

12.5

14±0.83

25

16±1.48

50

83±1.67

100

98±0.54

3.125

After 48 Hours

23±1.14

32.41 (8.23 – 62.40)

98.84 (66.67 – 242.69)

30.57

6.25

29±0.70

12.5

51±0.83

25

55±1.0

50

95±0.70

100

100±0.0

Wild population (An. gambiae s.l)

3.125

After 12 Hours

0±0.0

119.52 (98.53 – 164.94)

179.85 (143.12 – 268.45)

8.19

6.25

0±0.0

12.5

1±0.44

25

2±0.89

50

15±1.58

100

37±1.14

3.125

After 24 Hours

0±0.0

67.53 (55.31 – 85.22)

107.60 (88.92 – 143.21)

16.23

6.25

0±0.0

12.5

3±0.89

25

14±0.83

50

47±1.14

100

96±0.83

3.125

After 48 Hours

42±1.67

25.51 (0.25 – 46.94)

111.17 (76.91 – 238.56)

16.63

6.25

44±2.68

12.5

52±1.51

25

52±2.07

50

95±0.70

100

98±0.54