Detection of the V1016G mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) by allele-specific PCR assay, and its distribution and effect on deltamethrin resistance in Thailand

Table 1 Deltamethrin bioassay and AS-PCR results

Province	Location	Total	Mortality	Status	n	Total	Genotype			G Allele	G Allele	Fisher's exact test
		Tested	(%)			PCR	V/V	V/G	G/G		95% CI	P value (α = 0.05)
Chiang Rai	Chiang Rai City	120	82.5	R	21	21	10	10	1	0.286	[0.172, 0.436]	0.00684
				S	99	20	18	2	0	0.050	[0.138, 0.165]
Chiang Mai	Mae Sun	36	50.0	R	18	17	1	11	5	0.618	[0.450, 0.761]	0.02803
				S	18	17	6	11	0	0.324	[0.191, 0.492]
Phayao	Mae Jai	109	85.3	R	16	16	15	1	0	0.031	[0.055, 0.157]	0.45710
				S	93	19	19	0	0	0.000	[0.000, 0.918]
Chiang Mai	Chiang Mai City	538	75.7	R	131	126	16	72	38	0.587	[0.526, 0.646]	0.00000
				S	407	255	128	120	7	0.263	[0.226, 0.303]
Lamphun	Lamphun City	99	66.7	R	33	20	11	9	0	0.225	[0.123, 0.375]	0.04763
				S	66	20	18	2	0	0.050	[0.014, 0.165]
Lampang	Lampang City	100	79.0	R	21	20	15	5	0	0.125	[0.055, 0.261]	0.43150
				S	79	20	18	2	0	0.050	[0.014, 0.165]
Mae Hong Son	Mae Sariang	99	89.9	R	10	10	0	9	1	0.550	[0.342, 0.742]	0.04266
				S	89	20	10	10	0	0.250	[0.142, 0.402]
Tak	Mae Sot	159	80.5	R	31	31	19	12	0	0.194	[0.114, 0.309]	0.00448
				S	128	40	37	3	0	0.038	[0.013, 0.105]
Khon Kaen	Khon Kaen City	205	77.1	R	47	40	10	19	11	0.513	[0.405, 0.619]	0.00000
				S	158	40	25	15	0	0.188	[0.117, 0.287]
Total		1465	77.6	R	328	301	97	148	56	0.432	[0.393, 0.472]
				S	1137	451	279	165	7	0.198	[0.174, 0.226]

A sample of the total number of deltamethrin tested mosquitoes (n) was used for PCR testing. Samples of susceptible (S) and resistant (R) mosquitoes were genotyped and mutant allele (G allele) frequencies calculated. Fisher’s exact test was used to test G allele frequency differences between S and R mosquitoes from each location. For X² results on the overall population genotype and allele frequencies, see results section. Locations are listed in order from north to south.

ISSN: 1756-3305