Figure 1

(A-C) Field work in, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A) Rocky plain with sparse vegetation near the village of Ademiti. B) Deeply cracked vertisol in a fallow sorghum field near the village of Gueza Meker showing a 3 V CDC trap. C) Sparse woodland near the village of Erdwayane with a 3 V trap baited with red light-stick. Note up-draft orientation of the traps. D) A 3 V CDC trap, baited with sugar-yeast mixture (SYM) producing CO₂ as attractant. Note two bottles filled with SYM joined via an empty bottle serving to catch foam. Arrow points to the CO₂ outlet under the trap which is deployed in the up-draft orientation. E) Typical catch of a down-draft 6 V incandescent light trap in Sheraro. To process and separate the sand flies from the rest of the insects in such catches can take up to an hour.