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Table 2 Overview of studies dealing with pesticide residue determination in mosquito nets

From: Validation of a multi-residue method to determine deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin in mosquito nets by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-μECD)

 

Pesticides

Netsa

Extraction principle

Equipment

Analytical data

 

&

   

Range

Recovery

LOQ

 

Publications

      

1

Alpha-cypermethrin [8]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

Not available

   

Tetrahydrofuran

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux at 90°C (oil bath temperature) during 5 min

    

2

Alpha-cypermethrin [17]

Coated LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

0.05 – 10 g/kg

98 – 101% with RSD < 5%

0.05 g/kg

   

Tetrahydrofuran

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux at 90°C during 5 min

    

3

Alpha-cypermethrin [8, 17]

Incorporated LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

0.05 – 10 g/kg

99 – 101% with RSD < 5%

0.05 g/kg

   

Xylene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux at 130°C during 30 min

    

4

Alpha-cypermethrin [18]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-ECD

Not available

   

Xylene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux during 60 min

    

5

Alpha-cypermethrin [19]

ITNs

CIPAC protocol for extracting alpha-cypermethrin

HPLC

Not available

6

Alpha-cypermethrin [9]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

HPTLC-UV

Not available

   

Acetone

    
   

Process:

    
   

Shake during 10 min

    

7

Deltamethrin [6]

Coated LNs

Extraction solvent:

HPLC-DAD

-

99.7% (95% CI 98.6 - 101.6%)

-

   

Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20) + 0.15% HPLC water grade

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (95/5)

Process:

    
   

Ultrasonic bath at 80°C for 15 min + shake at room temperature at the speed of 155 beats per minute during 30 min

    

8

Deltamethrin [7]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

HPLC-DAD

Not available

   

Xylene into a reflux flask

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+0.15% water) (94/6)

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux during 30 min under stirring Reconstitution of the extract solution in iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (94/6)

    

9

Deltamethrin [20–23]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

HPLC-DAD

0 - 0.4 μg/mL (standard curve range)

  
   

Acetonitrile

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Water/acetonitrile (90/10% v/v)

    

10

Deltamethrin [24]

Permanet2.0

Extraction solvent:

HPLC-UV

No available

   

Acetone and acetonitrile

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Methanol/water (90/10)

    
   

Process:

    
   

Vortexing

    

11

Deltamethrin [25]

Coated LNs

Extraction solvent:

HPLC-DAD

0.01 – 4 g/kg

93 - 99% with RSD < 5%

0.01 g/kg

   

Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20)

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+ 0.15% water) (94/6, v/v)

    
   

Process:

    
   

Ultrasonic bath at 70°C for 15 min + shaking at ambient temperature at the speed of 150-200 beat per minute during 30 min

    

12

Deltamethrin [25]

Coated LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

0.01 – 4 g/kg

93 - 104% with RSD < 5%

0.01 g/kg

   

Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20)

    
   

Mobile phase:

    
   

Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+ 0.15% water) (94/6, v/v)

    
   

Process:

    
   

Ultrasonic bath at 70°C for 15 min + shaking at ambient temperature at the speed of 150-200 beat per minute during 30 min

    

13

Deltamethrin [26–29]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

0.01 – 20 g/kg

93 - 110% with RSD < 5%

0.01 g/kg

   

Xylene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux during 60 min

    

14

Deltamethrin [10, 30, 31]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-ECD

0.05 – 150 mg/m2

95 - 102% with RSD between 7 - 11%

0.05 mg/m2

   

Xylene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux during 60 min

    

15

Deltamethrin [32, 33]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-ECD

Not available

   

Acetone

    
   

Process:

    
   

Sonication for 30 min and standing overnight

    

16

Permethrin [5]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

Not available

   

Heptane

    
   

Process:

    
   

Stand in a water bath at 85-90°C for 45 min and shake once or twice during this time

    

17

Permethrin [32]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

Not available

   

Chloroform

    
   

Process:

    
   

Sonication for 30 min and standing overnight

    

18

Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Etofenprox [34]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-MSD

Not available

   

Toluene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Stirring during 10 min followed by ultra sonication 10 min

    

19

Permethrin [35]

ITNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-MSD

Not available

   

Ethanol

    
   

Process:

    
   

Stirring during 10 min followed by ultra sonification 10 min

    

20

Lambda-cyhalothrin [36]

Coated LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

Not available

   

Acetone + glacial acetic acid (95/5)

    
   

Process:

    
   

Sonification for 30 min followed by swirling 15 min

    

21

Piperonyl butoxide [37]

LNs

Extraction solvent:

GC-FID

Not available

   

Xylene

    
   

Process:

    
   

Reflux during 30 min

    
  1. a Abbreviations for nets types:ITN = Insecticide-treated net; a mosquito net that has been treated by dipping in a WHO-recommended insecticide [38]. LN = Long Lasting Insecticidal Net; a factory-treated mosquito net made with netting material that has insecticide incorporated within or bound around the fibers [38].
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Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

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