Skip to main content

Table 2 Effect of different landscape types and host traits on helminth burden

From: Landscape characteristics influence helminth infestations in a peri-domestic rodent - implications for possible zoonotic disease

Response variable

Predictor

Coefficient ± SE

t / z

p

Effect

%DE

Species richness

Crop

1.72 ± 0.32

t = 5.330

<0.001

+

39.70

 

Livestock

-1.14 ± 0.27

t = -4.300

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban

-1.55 ± 0.23

t = -6.768

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.18 ± 0.03

t = 6.950

<0.001

+

 
 

Sex

-0.38 ± 0.10

t = -3.831

<0.001

+ ♂

 
 

Density

-0.13 ± 0.03

t = -4.188

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2004

0.94 ± 0.16

t = 5.860

<0.001

+

 
 

Year 2010

1.33 ± 0.20

t = 6.764

<0.001

+

 
 

Crop: Density

-0.17 ± 0.06

t = -2.971

0.003

-

 
 

Urban: Density

0.26 ± 0.05

t = 5.020

<0.001

+

 

Helminth prevalence

Crop

1.46 ± 0.56

z = 2.604

0.009

+

33.05

 

Livestock

-2.45 ± 0.47

z = -5.191

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban

-1.74 ± 0.50

z = -3.477

0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.33 ± 0.09

z = 3.894

<0.001

+

 
 

Density

-0.18 ± 0.07

z = -2.656

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2010

3.39 ± 0.53

z = 6.347

<0.001

+

 

Helminth abundance

Crop

1.02 ± 0.15

t = 6.762

<0.001

+

51.52

 

Livestock

-1.44 ± 0.20

t = -7.245

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban

-1.70 ± 0.16

t = -10.503

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.06 ± 0.01

t = 5.331

<0.001

+

 
 

Density

-0.06 ± 0.01

t = -4.472

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2004

0.39 ± 0.06

t = 6.046

<0.001

+

 
 

Year 2010

1.55 ± 0.15

t = 10.331

<0.001

+

 
 

Crop: Density

-0.12 ± 0.03

t = -4.341

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban: Density

0.14 ± 0.02

t = 6.081

<0.001

+

 

H. spira prevalence

Crop

1.97 ± 0.55

z = 3.601

<0.001

+

47.87

 

Livestock

-6.55 ± 1.06

z = -6.196

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban

-2.38 ± 0.47

z = -5.080

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.20 ± 0.08

z = 2.614

0.009

+

 
 

Density

-0.28 ± 0.11

z = -2.603

0.009

-

 
 

Year 2004

1.56 ± 0.74

z = 2.108

0.035

+

 
 

Year 2010

5.51 ± 0.98

z = 5.635

<0.001

+

 

H. spira abundance

Crop

1.15 ± 0.16

t = 7.057

<0.001

+

53.81

 

Livestock

-1.67 ± 0.23

t = -7.218

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban

-1.91 ± 0.16

t = -12.055

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.08 ± 0.01

t = 6.027

<0.001

+

 
 

Density

-0.07 ± 0.02

t = -4.266

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2004

0.46 ± 0.08

t = 6.077

<0.001

+

 
 

Year 2010

2.18 ± 0.16

t = 13.926

<0.001

+

 
 

Crop: Density

-0.14 ± 0.03

t = -4.643

<0.001

-

 
 

Livestock: Density

-0.75 ± 0.14

t = -5.289

<0.001

-

 
 

Urban: Density

0.10 ± 0.03

t = 3.972

<0.001

+

 

N. capensis prevalence

Crop

3.94 ± 0.69

z = 5.717

<0.001

+

26.13

 

Livestock

-1.74 ± 0.65

z = -2.686

0.007

-

 
 

Urban

-2.56 ± 0.57

z = -4.459

<0.001

-

 
 

Sex

-0.85 ± 0.23

z = -3.777

<0.001

+ ♂

 
 

Length

0.25 ± 0.06

z = 4.351

<0.001

+

 
 

Density

-0.33 ± 0.07

z = -4.554

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2004

1.79 ± 0.38

z = 4.768

<0.001

+

 
 

Year 2010

2.88 ± 0.49

z = 5.925

<0.001

+

 
 

Crop: Density

-0.40 ± 0.12

z = -3.364

<0.001

-

 
 

Livestock: Density

0.35 ± 0.14

z = 2.427

0.015

+

 
 

Urban: Density

0.46 ± 0.11

z = 4.019

<0.001

+

 

N. capensis abundance

Crop

1.73 ± 0.33

t = 5.168

<0.001

+

30.57

 

Livestock

-1.20 ± 0.41

t = -2.927

0.004

-

 
 

Urban

-1.95 ± 0.36

t = -5.359

<0.001

-

 
 

Sex

-0.26 ± 0.09

t = -2.827

0.005

+ ♂

 
 

Length

0.12 ± 0.02

t = 5.681

<0.001

+

 
 

Density

-0.13 ± 0.03

t = -3.708

<0.001

-

 
 

Year 2004

0.62 ± 0.13

t = 4.622

<0.001

+

 
 

Year 2010

1.90 ± 0.32

t = 6.019

<0.001

+

 
 

Crop: Density

-0.17 ± 0.07

t = -2.655

0.008

-

 
 

Urban: Density

0.20 ± 0.05

t = 3.970

<0.001

+

 

Syphacia sp. prevalence

Livestock

-0.85 ± 0.39

z = -2.166

0.030

-

4.60

 

Urban

-0.83 ± 0.40

z = -2.050

0.040

-

 
 

Sex

-0.44 ± 0.20

z = -2.195

0.028

+ ♂

 
 

Length

0.16 ± 0.05

z = 3.166

0.002

+

 
 

Year 2010

0.78 ± 0.36

z = 2.202

0.028

+

 

Syphacia sp. abundance

Sex

-0.43 ± 0.17

t = 0.0123

0.012

+ ♂

1.79

T. probolurus prevalence

Livestock

-1.35 ± 0.37

z = -3.624

<0.001

-

12.85

 

Urban

-1.70 ± 0.42

z = -4.056

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.27 ± 0.06

z = 4.704

<0.001

+

 

T. probolurus abundance

Livestock

-1.57 ± 0.41

t = -3.806

<0.001

-

22.27

 

Urban

-1.55 ± 0.41

t = -3.757

<0.001

-

 
 

Length

0.26 ± 0.04

t = 5.752

<0.001

+

 

Hymenolepis sp. prevalence

Livestock

0.57 ± 0.34

z = 1.657

(0.098)

+

6.87

 

Urban

0.57 ± 0.34

z = 1.657

(0.098)

+

 
 

Density

0.13 ± 0.04

z = 3.377

<0.001

+

 
 

Length

0.25 ± 0.06

z = 4.104

<0.001

+

 
  1. Generalized linear model results that showed a significant relationship between landscape type (crop, livestock, urban and natural habitat), host density, host length and host sex on species richness and helminth parasite prevalence and abundance in R. pumilio. Coefficients ± standard errors; t = t-value; z = z-value; p = significance value 0.05, values under 0.1 given in brackets; effect: + = increasing effect, - = decreasing effect, compared to natural habitat; %DE = percentage of explained deviance; ♂ = male individuals.